Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) reflect a strategic move for scalable and sustainable energy storage. The focus on high‐entropy (HE) cathode materials, particularly layered oxides, has ignited scientific interest due to the unique characteristics and effects to tackle their shortcomings, such as inferior structural stability, sluggish reaction kinetics, severe Jahn‐Teller effects induced lattice distortion, and poor oxygen reversibility at high voltage. This review focuses on high‐entropy oxide materials, highlighting their fundamentals, design principles, and application in layered oxide cathodes for SIBs. It delves into the growth mechanism, composition‐properties correlations, and the functional roles of high‐entropy design in enhancing the performance of layered oxide cathodes. Furthermore, it furnishes a comprehensive survey of recent advancements and persisting challenges within the domain of layered high‐entropy cathode materials, as well as offers insights into potential future research directions in line with the current state of knowledge.

Revealing the Potential and Challenges of High‐Entropy Layered Cathodes for Sodium‐Based Energy Storage

Carbon nanomaterials are indispensable due to their unique properties of high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and thermal stability, which makes them important nanomaterials in biomedical applications and waste management. Limitations of conventional nanomaterials, such as limited surface area, difficulty in fine tuning electrical or thermal properties and poor dispersibility, calls for the development of advanced nanomaterials to overcome such limitations. Commonly, carbon nanomaterials were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), laser ablation or arc discharge methods. The advancement in these techniques yielded monodispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and allows p-type and n-type doping to enhance its electrical and catalytic activities. The functionalized CNTs showed exceptional mechanical, electrical and thermal conductivity (3500-5000 W/mK) properties. On the other hand, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) exhibit strong photoluminescence properties with high quantum yield. Carbon nanohorns are another fascinating type of nanomaterial that exhibit a unique structure with high surface area and excellent adsorption properties. These carbon nanomaterials could improve waste management by adsorbing pollutants from water and soil, enabling precise environmental monitoring, while enhancing wastewater treatment and drug delivery systems. Herein, we have discussed the potentials of all these carbon nanomaterials in the context of innovative waste management solutions, fostering cleaner environments and healthier ecosystems for diverse biomedical applications such as biosensing, drug delivery, and environmental monitoring. 

Advances on carbon nanomaterials and their applications in medical diagnosis and drug delivery

Advances in high entropy oxides: synthesis, structure, properties and beyond

High-entropy materials (HEMs) are typically crystalline, phase-pure and configurationally disordered materials that contain at least five elements evenly blended into a solid-solution framework. The discovery of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and high-entropy oxides (HEOs) disrupted traditional notions in materials science, providing avenues for the exploration of new materials, property optimization, and the pursuit of advanced applications. While there has been significant research on HEAs, the creative breakthroughs in HEOs are still being revealed. This focus review aims at developing a structured framework for expressing the concept of HEM, with special emphasis on the crystal structure and functional properties of HEOs. Insights into the recent synthetic advances, that foster prospective outcomes and their current applications in electrocatalysis, and battery, are comprehensively discussed. Further, it sheds light on the existing constraints in HEOs, highlights the adoption of theoretical and experimental tools to tackle challenges, while delineates potential directions for exploration in energy application.

High Entropy Oxides: Mapping the Landscape from Fundamentals to Future Vistas

Improve existing catalyst systems and create new catalytic nanomaterials via high entropy design strategy has been an emerging topic in field of material. High entropy oxides (HEO) possess unique properties, resulting in a complexity of the localized environments and expected wide adjustability, owing to the "cocktail" effect. However, oxides exhibit quite different behavior to their characteristics after the replacement of ≥5 elements in cation sites comparing to the condition of alloy. The practical applications of HEO nanomaterials are still lack of breakthrough in catalysis and remain largely unexplored. Limited understanding of HEOs, no matter the microscopic disordered composition or the mechanism behind, is primarily responsible for these problems. Herein, we demonstrate the fundamental comprehension of high entropy oxides from a structural perspective. Generally, synthetic procedures, catalytic applications and the complementation with single atoms of HEOs are elaborated in detail. Representative strategies to theoretically predict and screen the potential HEOs against the massive combinations of elements are discussed in this review. Furthermore, we predict short-term and long-term directions and present our perspectives with regards to design strategies and synthesis novel HEO based catalysts in the future. 

Fundamental comprehension, synthetic procedures and catalytic applications of high entropy oxide nanomaterials

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have a large tuning space in composition and crystal structures, offering the possibility for improved material properties in applications including catalysis, energy storage, and thermal barrier coatings. Understanding the nucleation and growth mechanisms of HEOs at the atomic scale is critical to the design of their structure and functions but remains challenging. Herein, we visualize the entire formation process of a high-entropy fluorite oxide from a polymeric precursor using atomic resolution in situ gas-phase scanning transmission electron microscopy. The results show a four-stage formation mechanism, including nucleation during the oxidation of a polymeric precursor below 400 °C, diffusive grain growth below 900 °C, liquid-phase-assisted compositional homogenization under a "state of supercooling" at 900 °C, and entropy-driven recrystallization and stabilization at higher temperatures. The atomistic insights are critical for the rational synthesis of HEOs with controlled grain sizes and morphologies and thus the related properties.

Visualizing the Formation of High-Entropy Fluorite Oxides from an Amorphous Precursor at Atomic Resolution.

Properties and functions of nanomaterials, especially catalysts, are determined by their structure and its interplay with chemical, electrical, mechanical stimuli, and other media. Significant improvement in understanding nanomaterials structures and dynamics at the atomic scale has been made due to the advancement of new instrumentation and methods in electron microscopy. In this article we review the critical progresses made in visualizing the reaction at the solid-liquid interface using liquid cell in TEM, in probing the solid-state chemistry using dose-efficient and high speed electron detectors, and in characterizing the nanoparticle response to gas environment using gas cell and environmental electron microscopy, and discuss how imaging the dynamics with high resolution helps with the design and fabrication of new nanomaterials. 

Characterization of nanomaterials dynamics with transmission electron microscope

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Visualizing the Formation of High-Entropy Fluorite Oxides from an Amorphous Precursor at Atomic Resolution.

Characterization of nanomaterials dynamics with transmission electron microscope