Efficient enhancement of the toughness of epoxy resins has been a bottleneck for expanding their suitability for advanced applications. Here, polysulfone (PSF) was adopted to toughen and modify the epoxy. The influences of PSF on the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy resin were systematically studied by optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMA), mechanical tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dissolution experimental results showed that PSF presents a good compatibility with the epoxy resin and could be well dissolved under controlled conditions. The introduction of PSF was found to promote the curing reaction of the epoxy resin without participating in the curing reaction and changing the curing mechanism as revealed by the FT-IR and DSC studies. The mechanical properties of PSF/epoxy resin blends showed that the fracture toughness and impact strength were significantly improved, which could be attributed to the bicontinuous phase structure of PSF/epoxy blends. Representative phase structures resulted from the reaction induced phase separation process were clearly observed in the PSF/epoxy blends during the curing process of epoxy resin, which presented dispersed particles, bicontinuous and phase inverted structures with the increase of the PSF content. Our work further confirmed that the thermal stability of the PSF/epoxy blends was slightly increased compared to that of the pure epoxy resin, mainly due to the good heat resistance of the PSF component.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/3/461/pdf

Enhancing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin via Blending with Thermoplastic Polysulfone

Transparent epoxy composites strengthened and toughened by thermoplastic polystyrene grafted with epichlorohydrin (g-PS) have been prepared at low loading levels. The polymer backbone of PS was manipulated by the epoxide and hydroxyl groups confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact angle and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests indicated that the grafting process could decrease the surface tension and increase the compatibility between PS and epoxy resins. The effects of g-PS loading and the grafting process on both the viscosity of liquid epoxy resin suspensions as well as the physicochemical properties of cured epoxy composites have been systematically investigated. The cured g-PS/epoxy composites demonstrated an enhanced tensile strength (maximum of 97.4 MPa) compared to either cured pure epoxy (77.6 MPa) or PS/epoxy composites (79.1 MPa). The modulus of toughness for g-PS/epoxy composites reaches values of up to 355.9 MJ m−3, which is respectively 176.6 and 141.1% higher than those for cured pure epoxy and PS/epoxy composites. The uniform g-PS distribution in the cured g-PS/epoxy composites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The glass transition temperature (Tg) of cured g-PS/epoxy composites was shifted to a higher temperature (increased by 16.3 °C) in the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) compared with that of cured pure epoxy (111.7 °C). The strong interfacial interaction obtained between g-PS and the epoxy matrix was responsible for the enhanced mechanical and thermal mechanical properties. This work provides a new insight into the investigation of interaction and compatibility between thermoplastic and thermoset materials.

A low loading of grafted thermoplastic polystyrene strengthens and toughens transparent epoxy composites

Synthesis, curing kinetics and thermal properties of bisphenol-AP-based benzoxazine

Effect of electrospun polysulfone/cellulose nanocrystals interleaves on the interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Secretion in Paramecium is Ca2+-dependent and involves exocytic release of the content of the secretory organelle, known as the trichocyst The content, called the trichocyst matrix, undergoes a Ca2+-induced reordering of its paracrystalline structure during release, and we have defined three stages in this expansion process The stage I, or fully condensed trichocyst, is the 4 microns-long membrane-bounded form existing prior to stimulation Stage II, the partially expanded trichocyst, we define as an intermediate stage in the transition, preceding stage III, the fully expanded extruded form which is a 20-40 microns-long needlelike structure These stages have been used to assay the effects of trifluoperazine (TFP) and W-7, calmodulin (CaM) antagonists, on trichocyst matrix expansion in vivo TFP and W-7 are shown to reversibly block matrix release induced by picric acid Ultra-structural examination reveals that one effect of this inhibition is reflected in the organelles themselves, which are prevented from undergoing the stage I-stage II transition by preincubation in 14 microM TFP or 35 microM W-7 before fixation This inhibition of expansion by TFP can be moderated but not abolished by high extracellular Ca2+ (5 mM) The moderation by high Ca2+ can be eliminated by raising TFP concentration to 20 microM A possible explanation for the ability to titrate the inhibition in this manner is that TFP is acting to block expansion by binding to the Ca2+-CaM complex Brief exposure of cells to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and 5 mM Ca2+ following TFP treatment promotes matrix expansion, although in 14 microM TFP a residual level of inhibition remains These results suggest that, following stimulation, CaM regulates secretion in Paramecium, possibly by controlling the Ca2+-dependent matrix expansion which accompanies exocytosis in these cells

https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/96/4/1072/1076638/1072.pdf

Calmodulin antagonists inhibit secretion in Paramecium.

Curing kinetics and mechanisms of polysulfone nanofibrous membranes toughened epoxy/amine systems using isothermal DSC and NIR

Morphology evolution of polysulfone nanofibrous membranes toughened epoxy resin during reaction-induced phase separation

The invention provides a preparation method of an adhesive assorted with a liquid crystal coated optical cable. In the preparation method of the adhesive assorted with the liquid crystal coated optical cable, alpha, omega-terminal hydroxyl polymethyl vinylphenyl silicone rubber or alpha, omega-terminal hydroxyl polydimethyl diethyl siloxane with good low temperature performance is taken as a main material, nano-filler-reinforced silicone rubber adhesive is used for improving mechanical properties thereof, and according to a vulcanization mechanism of a dealcoholized room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber, room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber adhesive with excellent low temperature performance and moderate releasing force is prepared. When the adhesive is used for winding an optical cable coil, releasing forces at normal temperature and low temperature are moderate and wires can be smoothly unwound, thus meeting requirements of practical application and particularly meeting a requirement on the releasing force in a low temperature environment.

Preparation method of adhesive assorted with liquid crystal coated optical cable

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Curing kinetics and mechanisms of polysulfone nanofibrous membranes toughened epoxy/amine systems using isothermal DSC and NIR

Morphology evolution of polysulfone nanofibrous membranes toughened epoxy resin during reaction-induced phase separation

Preparation method of adhesive assorted with liquid crystal coated optical cable