A new perspective on hydrogen diffusion and hydrogen embrittlement in low-alloy high strength steel

In fusion reactors, preparing barrier coatings on the surface of steel structures is one of the most effective ways to reduce the penetration of hydrogen and its isotopes. An FeAl/Al2O3 composite tritium permeation barrier is a good choice for the current tritium permeation prevention technology because it has low enthalpy permeability, small thermal mismatch, good compatibility with lithium lead, and metallurgical bonding. In this study, FeAl/Al2O3 composite tritium permeation barrier coating was successfully prepared on the surface of 316L stainless steel by embedding method combined with in-situ thermal oxidation. By using test methods, such as TEM, SEM, EDS, and XRD, we found that the FeAl alloy transition layer was successfully formed on the surface of the aluminized matrix, thereby effectively relieving the thermal mismatch between the Al2O3 coating and the substrate. The results showed that the thickness of the aluminum-rich layer and the FeAl transition layer on the surface of the substrate were approximately 32 μm and 8 μm, respectively. In addition, α-Al2O3 layer formed on the surface of the aluminum-rich layer after oxidation was approximately 4 μm thick. According to the scratch test, the bond strength of the coating showed that the adhesion of the FeAl/Al2O3 composite coating was 52.4 N. The hydrogen permeation test results showed that the FeAl/Al2O3 composite coating remarkably improved the hydrogen barrier properties of the 316L stainless steel matrix.

Preparation and properties of FeAl/Al2O3 composite tritium permeation barrier coating on surface of 316L stainless steel

Novel green synthesized Cr2O3 for selective solar absorber: Investigation of structural, morphological, chemical, and optical properties

Effect of spark plasma sintering temperature on structure and performance characteristics of Cu-20wt%W composite

Tungsten-Copper (W Cu) composites are promising materials for electrical and thermal applications. However, their fabrication remains limited using conventional techniques, such as powder metallurgy, which are not suitable for manufacturing densified complex W Cu components. In this work, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology was introduced for fabricating W-25 wt%Cu composites. A densified W Cu composite, free of apparent cracks and pores, is successfully synthesized using optimum process parameters of laser power 2000 W and laser scan speed 360 mm/min in an Ar atmosphere with less than 10 ppm O. The densification of W Cu composites is owing to the sufficient wetting of solid W particles by the molten liquid Cu and the surface smoothing of the W particles. The good wetting of the solid W particles by the liquid Cu is due to the low oxygen content and the combined effect of increased capillary force and reduced friction force. The W grains are rounded, indicating some solution-reprecipitation of sharp particle edges originating from the increase in solubility from curvature effects.

Densified WCu composite fabricated via laser additive manufacturing

Preparation of Al2O3/Cr2O3 tritium permeation barrier with combination of pack cementation and sol–gel methods

Tungsten-copper composites of network structure are increasingly being studied because of their unique mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Chemical plating and mechanical alloying were used to prepare tungsten-copper alloys with different compositions in this investigation. Samples obtained through mechanical alloying method and sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique at 1030 °C, 60 MPa exhibited excellent performance. Ni element and Cr element were added to the composite as activating elements to improve the interface wettability of tungsten‑copper. The experimental results showed the Cr element contributes more to the densities, tensile strength, flexural strength and thermal properties of the composites than Ni element. Besides, the effect of two different ball milling ways on the properties of the composites was also studied. The sample W 20Cu (15Cr), which was prepared by Cu(Cr) ball milling, showing a network structure, has the best performance.

The activated sintering of WCu composites through spark plasma sintering

Effects of alloying elements and heat treatment on hydrogen diffusion in SCRAM steels

An Al-Ti coating deposited by pack cementation technique was subjected to the thermochemical treatment. The Al-Ti coating consisted of an outer AlTi-rich layer and an inner transition layer. After the direct oxidation treatment, the coating surface was covered by many particle agglomerations and the scale was porous. A 10 μm thick oxide layer, which consisted of an outer TiO2 dominated layer and an inner α-Al2O3 dominated layer, had grown on top of the coating. The multilayer structure of this coating was “TiO2/α-Al2O3/transition layer”. In order to prepare a better α-Al2O3/TiO2 composite coating, nitridation pretreatment was added before oxidation treatment. The surface of resulting coating was compact and had no obvious particle agglomerations. The outer oxide layer, with a thickness of approximately 4 μm, exhibited a bilayer structure with an outer α-Al2O3 dominated layer and an inner TiO2 dominated layer. The multilayer structure of this coating was “α-Al2O3/TiO2/transition layer”. Beneath the oxide scale, a thin and continuous nitride layer was present, slowing down oxygen transport into the coating significantly. The oxidation behavior of Al-Ti coating changed with the nitridation pretreatment, and a better α-Al2O3/TiO2 composite coating was obtained.

Preparation of layered α-Al2O3/TiO2 composite coating by pack cementation process and subsequent thermochemical treatment

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Papers

Preparation of Al2O3/Cr2O3 tritium permeation barrier with combination of pack cementation and sol–gel methods

The activated sintering of WCu composites through spark plasma sintering

Effects of alloying elements and heat treatment on hydrogen diffusion in SCRAM steels

Preparation of layered α-Al2O3/TiO2 composite coating by pack cementation process and subsequent thermochemical treatment