Nanomaterials are engineered materials with at least one dimension in the range of 1–100 nm. Nanofluids—nanoscale colloidal suspensions containing various nanomaterials—have distinctive properties and offer unprecedented potential for various sectors such as the energy, cosmetic, aerospace and biomedical industries. Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, nanoparticles are considered as very good candidates for smart drilling fluid formulation, i.e., fluids with tailor-made rheological and filtration properties. However, due to the great risk of adapting new technologies, their application in oil and gas industry is not, to date, fully implemented. Over the last few years, several researchers have examined the use of various nanoparticles, from commercial to custom made particles, to formulate drilling fluids with enhanced properties that can withstand extreme downhole environments, particularly at high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) conditions. This article summarizes the recent progress made on the use of nanoparticles as additives in drilling fluids in order to give such fluids optimal rheological and filtration characteristics, increase shale stability and achieve wellbore strengthening. Type, size and shape of nanoparticles, volumetric concentration, addition of different surfactants and application of an external magnetic field are factors that are critically evaluated and are discussed in this article. The results obtained from various studies show that nanoparticles have a great potential to be used as drilling fluid additives in order to overcome stern drilling problems. However, there are still challenges that should be addressed in order to take full advantage of the capabilities of such particles. Finally the paper identifies and discusses opportunities for future research.

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Nano-Based Drilling Fluids: A Review

This research aims to develop low cost, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and high performance water-based drilling fluids (WDFs) using bentonite (BT), polyanionic cellulose (PAC), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The effect of concentration of BT, PAC, and CNCs on the rheological and filtration properties of PAC/CNC/BT-WDFs was investigated. Eight empirical rheological models were applied to fit quantitatively the fluid properties. Results showed that the presence of PAC, CNCs, and BT improved the rheological and filtration properties of the WDFs. Among the eight empirical rheological models, the Sisko model performed the best in simulating the rheological behavior of the fluids. At the same concentration level of PAC and CNCs, CNCs had more impact on the rheological properties, whereas PAC had more influence on the filtration property. The incorporation of PAC resulted in very low permeable filter cakes, leading to the excellent filtration property. The combined use of PAC and CNCs yielded better...

Cellulose Nanocrystals and Polyanionic Cellulose as Additives in Bentonite Water-Based Drilling Fluids: Rheological Modeling and Filtration Mechanisms

Effect of a novel clay/silica nanocomposite on water-based drilling fluids: Improvements in rheological and filtration properties

High molecular weight copolymers as rheology modifier and fluid loss additive for water-based drilling fluids

Calcium ion contamination in water-based drilling fluids (WBDs) dramatically increases filtration volume loss and worsens rheological properties, especially in high-temperature bore holes. This study demonstrated two types of acrylamide polymers as anti-calcium contamination fluid-loss additives in WBDs, including an amphoteric polymer (ADD) synthesized by 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), acrylamide (AM), and diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and an anionic polymer (AD) synthesized by AMPS and AM. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of sodium bentonite (Na-BT)-based mud under 11.1% CaCl2 contamination and 150 °C hot rolling, a typical “star-net” structure was observed between the ADD and Na-BT layers; however, polymer AD could not form such a net structure. Energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis of the Na-BT layer indicated that ADD could greatly decrease the amount of Ca2+ on Na-BT layers in comparison to AD. Accordingly, in an American Petroleum Institute (API) fil...

Amphoteric Polymer as an Anti-calcium Contamination Fluid-Loss Additive in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Wellbore instability and formation collapse caused by lost circulation are vital issues during well excavation in the oil industry. This study reports the novel utilization of soy protein isolate (SPI) as fluid loss additive in bentonite-water based drilling fluids (BT-WDFs) and describes how its particle size and concentration influence on the filtration property of SPI/BT-WDFs. It was found that high pressure homogenization (HPH)-treated SPI had superior filtration property over that of native SPI due to the improved ability for the plugging pore throat. HPH treatment also caused a significant change in the surface characteristic of SPI, leading to a considerable surface interaction with BT in aqueous solution. The concentration of SPI had a significant impact on the dispersion state of SPI/BT mixtures in aquesous solution. At low SPI concentrations, strong aggregations were created, resulting in the formation of thick, loose, high-porosity and high-permeability filter cakes and high fluid loss. At high SPI concentrations, intercatlated/exfoliated structures were generated, resulting in the formation of thin, compact, low-porosity and low-permeability filter cakes and low fluid loss. The SPI/BT-WDFs exhibited superior filtration property than pure BT-WDFs at the same solid concentraion, demonstrating the potential utilization of SPI as an effective, renewable, and biodegradable fluid loss reducer in well excavation applications.

Soy Protein Isolate As Fluid Loss Additive in Bentonite-Water-Based Drilling Fluids.

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Soy Protein Isolate As Fluid Loss Additive in Bentonite-Water-Based Drilling Fluids.