In this paper, a new technique for modeling textured 3D faces is introduced. 3D faces can either be generated automatically from one or more photographs, or modeled directly through an intuitive user interface. Users are assisted in two key problems of computer aided face modeling. First, new face images or new 3D face models can be registered automatically by computing dense one-to-one correspondence to an internal face model. Second, the approach regulates the naturalness of modeled faces avoiding faces with an ''unlikely'' appearance Starting from an example set of 3D face models, we derive a morphable face model by transforming the shape and texture of the examples into a vector space representation. New faces and expressions can be modeled by forming linear combinations of the prototypes. Shape and texture constraints derived from the statistics of our example faces are used to guide manual modeling or automated matching algorithms We show 3D face reconstructions from single images and their applications for photo-realistic image manipulations. We also demonstrate face manipulations according to complex parameters such as gender, fullness of a face or its distinctiveness.

A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces

Super-resolution, the process of obtaining one or more high-resolution images from one or more low-resolution observations, has been a very attractive research topic over the last two decades. It has found practical applications in many real-world problems in different fields, from satellite and aerial imaging to medical image processing, to facial image analysis, text image analysis, sign and number plates reading, and biometrics recognition, to name a few. This has resulted in many research papers, each developing a new super-resolution algorithm for a specific purpose. The current comprehensive survey provides an overview of most of these published works by grouping them in a broad taxonomy. For each of the groups in the taxonomy, the basic concepts of the algorithms are first explained and then the paths through which each of these groups have evolved are given in detail, by mentioning the contributions of different authors to the basic concepts of each group. Furthermore, common issues in super-resolution algorithms, such as imaging models and registration algorithms, optimization of the cost functions employed, dealing with color information, improvement factors, assessment of super-resolution algorithms, and the most commonly employed databases are discussed.

/pdf/super-resolution-a-comprehensive-survey-xjl42yt9nt.pdf

Super-resolution: a comprehensive survey

Under consideration is the large body of signal recovery problems that can be formulated as the problem of minimizing the sum of two (not necessarily smooth) lower semicontinuous convex functions in a real Hilbert space. This generic problem is analyzed and a decomposition method is proposed to solve it. The convergence of the method, which is based on the Douglas-Rachford algorithm for monotone operator-splitting, is obtained under general conditions. Applications to non-Gaussian image denoising in a tight frame are also demonstrated.

A Douglas–Rachford Splitting Approach to Nonsmooth Convex Variational Signal Recovery

Sensor-based and vision-based human activity recognition: A comprehensive survey

The click feature of an image, defined as the user-click-frequency vector of the image on a pre-defined word vocabulary, is known to effectively reduce the semantic gap for fine-grained image recognition. Unfortunately, user-click-frequency data are usually absent in practice. It remains challenging to predict the click feature from the visual feature, because the user-click-frequency vector of an image is always noisy and sparse. In this paper, we devise a Hierarchical Deep Word Embedding (HDWE) model by integrating sparse constraints and an improved RELU operator to address click feature prediction from visual features. HDWE is a coarse-to-fine click feature predictor that is learned with the help of an auxiliary image dataset containing click information. It can therefore discover the hierarchy of word semantics. We evaluate HDWE on three dog and one bird image datasets, in which Clickture-Dog and Clickture-Bird are respectively utilized as auxiliary datasets to provide click data. Our empirical studies show that HDWE has 1) higher recognition accuracy, 2) a larger compression ratio, and 3) good one-shot learning ability and scalability to unseen categories.

Hierarchical Deep Click Feature Prediction for Fine-grained Image Recognition.

Low rank and sparse representation based methods, which make few specific assumptions about the background, have recently attracted wide attention in background modeling. With these methods, moving objects in the scene are modeled as pixel-wised sparse outliers. However, in many practical scenarios, the distributions of these moving parts are not truly pixel-wised sparse but structurally sparse. Meanwhile a robust analysis mechanism is required to handle background regions or foreground movements with varying scales. Based on these two observations, we first introduce a class of structured sparsity-inducing norms to model moving objects in videos. In our approach, we regard the observed sequence as being constituted of two terms, a low-rank matrix (background) and a structured sparse outlier matrix (foreground). Next, in virtue of adaptive parameters for dynamic videos, we propose a saliency measurement to dynamically estimate the support of the foreground. Experiments on challenging well known data sets demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and works effectively on a wide range of complex videos.

Background Subtraction Based on Low-Rank and Structured Sparse Decomposition

In this letter, we propose a novel approach for learning coupled mappings to improve the performance of low-resolution (LR) face image recognition. The coupled mappings aim to project the LR probe images and high-resolution (HR) gallery images into a unified latent subspace, which is efficient to measure the similarity of face images with different resolutions. In the training phase, we first construct local optimization for each training sample according to the relationship of neighboring data points. The local optimization aims to: (1) ensure the consistency for each LR face image and corresponding HR one; (2) model the intrinsic geometric structure between each given sample and its neighbors; and (3) preserve the discriminative information across different subjects. We finally incorporate the local optimizations together for building the global structure. The coupled mappings can be learned by solving a standard eigen-decomposition problem, which avoids the small-sample-size problem. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on public face databases.

From Local Geometry to Global Structure: Learning Latent Subspace for Low-resolution Face Image Recognition

This letter proposes a novel single image super-resolution (SR) method based on the low-rank matrix recovery (LRMR) and neighbor embedding (NE). LRMR is used to explore the underlying structures of subspaces spanned by similar patches. Specifically, the training patches are first divided into groups. Then the LRMR technique is utilized to learn the latent structure of each group. The NE algorithm is performed on the learnt low-rank components of HR and LR patches to produce SR results. Experimental results suggest that our approach can reconstruct high quality images both quantitatively and perceptually.

Low-Rank Neighbor Embedding for Single Image Super-Resolution

Global consistency, local sparsity and pixel correlation: A unified framework for face hallucination

In the learning based super-resolution (SR), one of the most important issue is how to learn the relationship between the high resolution (HR) and low resolution (LR) images. Sparse representation has provided dictionary learning methods to describe the relationship. This work presents a coupled dictionary training algorithm named coupled K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) for SR problem. In this algorithm, the best low-rank approximation provided by singular value decomposition (SVD) is utilized to update the LR and HR dictionaries. Experiments demonstrate that our algorithm converges stably and achieves superior SR results.

Coupled K-SVD dictionary training for super-resolution

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