I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. Abstract Monitoring bio-electric events is a common procedure, which provides medical data required in clinical and research applications. Electrophysiological measurements are applied in diagnosis as well as evaluation of the performance of different body organs and systems, e.g. the heart, muscles and the nervous system. Furthermore, it is staple feature in operation rooms and extensive care units. The performance of the recording system is affected by the tools and instrumentation used and the bio-electrode is a key-player in electrophysiology, hence, the improvements in the electrode recording technique will be directly reflected in the system's performance in terms of the signal quality, recording duration as well as patient comfort. In this thesis, a design methodology for micro-spike array dry bio-electrodes is introduced. The purpose of this methodology is to meet the design specifications for portable long-term EEG recording and optimize the electrical performance of the electrodes by maximizing the electrode-skin contact surface area, while fulfilling design constraints including mechanical, physiological and economical limitations. This was followed by proposing a low cost fabrication technique to implement the electrodes. The proposed electrode design has a potential impact in enhancing the performance of the current recording systems, and also suits portable monitoring and long term recording devices. The design process was aided by using a software design and optimization tool, which was specifically created for this application. The application conditions added challenges to the electrode design in order to meet the required performance requirements. On the other hand, the required design specifications are not fulfilled in the current electrode technologies which are designed and customized only for short term clinical recordings. The electrode theory of application was verified using an experimental setup for an electrochemical cell, but the overall performance including measuring the electrode impedance is awaiting a clinical trial. iv Acknowledgements

/pdf/design-and-optimization-methodology-of-sub-yvmar48fq3.pdf

Design and Optimization Methodology of Sub-dermalElectroencephalography Dry Spike-Array Electrode

The current study reports a novel bioelectrode design based on a series of micro needle arrays for the measurement of surface biopotential Without the pain sensation, the goal of these micro needles is to penetrate skin and minimize the variations in skin impedance, as well as body motion Needle electrodes with high depth definition were fabricated and tested on a de-haired rat skin surface for impedance measurements Experiment results showed a prominent reduction in electrode impedance when compared with traditional silver/silver-chloride electrodes A quasi-linear relationship was also observed between electrode surface area and measured skin/electrode impedance

Surface biopotential monitoring by needle type micro electrode array

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Surface biopotential monitoring by needle type micro electrode array