Due to the revolution of the economic growth, urbanization, and low-carbon development of China, the proportion of natural gas in the national primary energy consumption has been growing rapidly in recent years. In the meanwhile, the contradiction between the supply and demand in China's natural gas market (NGM) has also been increasing gradually. Accordingly, the Chinese government has introduced a slew of policies to ease this contradiction. However, China's NGM is still facing many problems and challenges. The purpose of this study is to investigate the peak-shaving demand of the NGM in China, as well as to estimate the status and trend of underground gas storage (UGS) development for peak-shaving of the NGM. Firstly, the status and development direction of the NGM in China is discussed considering the supply and demand situation. The regional difference, the seasonal difference and the import impact are analyzed in detail to clarify the peak-shaving demand of national natural gas supply. Secondly, the status, direction, difficulties and challenges of UGS are discussed in depth. Finally, this study proposes some potential suggestions for the regulation of the NGM and the development of UGS in China.

Natural gas market and underground gas storage development in China

Underground hydrogen storage in Australia: A review on the feasibility of geological sites

Key technologies and practice for gas field storage facility construction of complex geological conditions in China

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier for a low-carbon future energy system, as it can be stored on a megaton scale (equivalent to TWh of energy) in subsurface reservoirs. However, safe and efficient underground hydrogen storage requires a thorough understanding of the geomechanics of the host rock under fluid pressure fluctuations. In this context, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding geomechanics relevant to carbon dioxide and natural gas storage in salt caverns and depleted reservoirs. We further elaborate on how this knowledge can be applied to underground hydrogen storage. The primary focus lies on the mechanical response of rocks under cyclic hydrogen injection and production, fault reactivation, the impact of hydrogen on rock properties, and other associated risks and challenges. In addition, we discuss wellbore integrity from the perspective of underground hydrogen storage. The paper provides insights into the history of energy storage, laboratory scale experiments, and analytical and simulation studies at the field scale. We also emphasize the current knowledge gaps and the necessity to enhance our understanding of the geomechanical aspects of hydrogen storage. This involves developing predictive models coupled with laboratory scale and field-scale testing, along with benchmarking methodologies. 

Comprehensive review of geomechanics of underground hydrogen storage in depleted reservoirs and salt caverns

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, particularly hydrogen, has emerged as a central strategy for decarbonization and the pursuit of net-zero carbon emissions. Meeting the demand for large-scale hydrogen storage, a crucial component of the hydrogen supply chain, has led to the exploration of underground hydrogen storage as an economically viable solution to global energy needs. In contrast to other subsurface storage options such as salt caverns and aquifers, which are geographically limited, depleted gas reservoirs have garnered increasing attention due to their broader distribution and higher storage capacity. However, the safe storage and cycling of hydrogen in depleted gas reservoirs require the preservation of high stability and integrity in the caprock, reservoir, and wellbore. Nevertheless, there exists a significant gap in the current research concerning storage integrity in underground hydrogen storage within depleted gas reservoirs, and a systematic approach is lacking. This paper aims to address this gap by reviewing the primary challenges associated with storage integrity, including geochemical reactions, microbial activities, faults and fractures, and perspectives on hydrogen cycling. The study comprehensively reviews the processes and impacts, such as abiotic and biotic mineral dissolution/precipitation, reactivation and propagation of faults and fractures in caprock and host-rock, wellbore instability due to cement degradation and casing corrosion, and stress changes during hydrogen cycling. To provide a practical solution, a technical screening tool has been developed, considering controlling variables, risks, and consequences affecting storage integrity. Finally, this paper highlights knowledge gaps and suggests feasible methods and pathways to mitigate these risks, facilitating the development of large-scale underground hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs. 

Storage integrity during underground hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs

Key evaluation techniques in the process of gas reservoir being converted into underground gas storage

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Key evaluation techniques in the process of gas reservoir being converted into underground gas storage