A wideband dual-circularly polarized (dual-CP) magneto-electric dipole reflectarray with independent beam control is reported. A dual-CP phase shifting unit cell is proposed to provide independent phase manipulation on the two CP waves. For proof, a 2 × 2 bit reflectarray operating at X-band with 16 × 16 elements is developed with different beam directions. The results show that the peak gain of the prototype is up to 23.85 dBic at 10.5 GHz with an aperture efficiency of 30.2%. The joint bandwidth for the 3 dB AR and 3 dB gain is around 22.5% (9.25–11.5 GHz). With advantages of wide operating bandwidth and independent beam control, the proposed dual-CP reflectarray would be an attractive candidate for satellite communication.

A Dual-Circularly Polarized Magneto-Electric Dipole Reflectarray With Independent Beam Control

VLF magneto-electric (ME) antennas have gained attention for their compact size and high radiation efficiency in lossy conductive environments. However, the need for a large DC magnetic field bias presents challenges for miniaturization, limiting portability. This study introduces a self-biased ME antenna with an asymmetric design using two magneto materials, inducing a magnetization grading effect that reduces the resonant frequency during bending. Operating principles are explored, and performance parameters, including the radiation mechanism, intensity and driving power, are experimentally assessed. Leveraging its excellent direct and converse magneto-electric effect, the antenna proves adept at serving as both a transmitter and a receiver. The results indicate that, at 2.09 mW and a frequency of 24.47 kHz, the antenna has the potential to achieve a 2.44 pT magnetic flux density at a 3 m distance. A custom modulation–demodulation circuit is employed, applying 2ASK and 2PSK to validate communication capability at baseband signals of 10 Hz and 100 Hz. This approach offers a practical strategy for the lightweight and compact design of VLF communication systems.

Self-Biased Magneto-Electric Antenna for Very-Low-Frequency Communications: Exploiting Magnetization Grading and Asymmetric Structure-Induced Resonance

A variable-width ring clover element is proposed for the design of a single-layer broadband reflectarray antenna (RA). The proposed element containing a clover patch and a variable-width ring achieves a nearly linear phase curve with a small slope. A set of almost parallel and linear reflection phase curves within the frequency range from 29 GHz to 46 GHz for both TE and TM modes indicates that the proposed element obtains broadband performance for dual-polarization. Finally, an off-set reflectarray prototype consisting of 826 elements is fabricated and measured for both x- and y-polarization. The measured maximum gain exceeds 30 dBi, while the maximum aperture efficiency (AE) surpasses 50%. More importantly, the RA achieves a 2 dB gain bandwidth of over 30% and an AE bandwidth exceeding 30% for both polarizations.

A Single-layer Broadband Reflectarray Using Variable-Width Ring Clover Elements for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications


 The paper introduces a novel design method for an acoustically driven piezoelectric antenna (ADPA) with high radiation performance and broadband characteristics based on energy trapping theory. The reasonableness of the design method is demonstrated by analytically deriving the radiated magnetic field, radiated efficiency and resonant frequency, which are further validated by simulation analysis. Furthermore, a prototype is fabricated and measured, and the results indicate remarkable improvements compared to the non-energy trapping mode, the bandwidth is widened by 10%, the radiation efficiency is increased by 28%, the radiation magnetic field is increased by 3 times, the transmission distance is increased by 2.75 times. The radiation enhancement and multi-band capability of the proposed antenna has been successfully demonstrated. Additionally, we have successfully implemented amplitude modulation (AM) signals transmission using proposed antenna. These results highlight the significant potential of the proposed antenna for portable, miniaturized, and high-performance wireless communication devices.

High Radiation Performance and Multi-band Acoustically Driven Piezoelectric Antenna based on Energy Trapping Theory

A planar magnetoelectric (PME) dipole element for multi-polarized reflectarray antenna (RA) is researched in this paper. The PME dipole element composed of an H-shaped patch and two adjacent T-shaped patches, in which the electric resonances are inspired by the rectangular dipoles while the magnetic resonances are dexterously appeared on the slots that between dipoles without adopting vertical metalized vias. The anisotropic characteristic of the PME dipole element is ingeniously fulfilled owe to the principle of electromagnetic duality. Significantly, both electric resonance and magnetic resonance are simultaneously manipulated by applying only one degree of freedom on a single-layer substrate, resulting in an appropriate phase response in dual polarization (DP). Meanwhile, the space phase delay generator, a Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton (SSPP) structure, is innovatively utilized above the PME dipole element that decreasing the phase error by adding additional phase between DPs to accomplish circularly polarization (CP). A RA prototype composed of 10 × 10 PME dipole elements is experimentally designed to verify the characteristics of multi-polarizations of the proposed method. The simulated results reveal that the 2-dB gain bandwidth of 20.2% and 24% are realized for DP-RA while process a low profiles and high aperture efficiency. Compared with the original element, the simulated axial ratio (AR) reaches 10% after loading SSPP structure, which indicates that the CP is accomplished by the phase control of space phase shifter. Above all, the additional space phase is superimposed onto the PME dipole element, improving the polarization diversity of a single RA, expanding the communication capability, which has a giant potential in the field of satellite application.

A Multi-polarized Reflectarray Antenna Employing Planar Magnetoelectric Dipole Elements

This article proposes a planar magnetoelectric resonator (PMER) as the element of broadband dual-polarized (DP) and circularly polarized (CP) reflectarray antennas (RAs). The PMER is realized by introducing a split in dual rhombic rings, which flats the vertical structure for magnetic resonance in common magnetoelectric (ME) element. Due to the isolated magnetic and electric resonant modes of the PMER, anisotropic characteristic is achieved to independently manipulate the reflection phase among two orthogonal polarizations and reflect CP incident wave in a wide bandwidth. Moreover, a simple modification method is presented for further expanding the operating band of CP element. For proof, a DP-RA and CP-RA prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results reveal that 1-dB gain bandwidths of 17.5%/22.2% and 25.6% are observed for DP-RA and CP-RA, respectively, while maintaining low profiles and high aperture efficiencies. In particular, the measured axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the PMER-based CP-RA reaches 66.7%.

Broadband Dual-Polarized and Circularly-Polarized Reflectarrays using Planar Magneto-Electric Resonator

A metal-loading (ML) method is proposed in this article to increase effective length, near-field magnitude, and radiation efficiency for an acoustically actuated piezoelectric antenna (PEA). A field-based circuit model (FBCM) method is utilized to characterize the metal-loaded PEA (MLPEA) by introducing antenna fields into piezoelectric equations and impedance analysis at boundary. Furthermore, current distribution within PE cylinder and on loaded metal rod is calculated by the finite element modeling (FEM) method and formulated with piecewise functions. Also, an antenna effective length is evaluated with different loaded metal lengths, and the effects of the loaded metal are analyzed on antenna near-fields and radiation efficiency. All the methods are validated by measurement of a demonstrated MLPEA on a precise testing vehicle with a frequency error of 0.05% and a near-field magnitude error of 0.97 dB. Finally, a maximum increase of 4.6 dB for near-field magnitude and that of ten times for radiation efficiency are obtained for PEA with a loaded metal length of 0.8 m. Different loss mechanisms in MLPEA are also analyzed, and the radiation efficiency limit for PEA, as estimated by FBCM, is much larger than that of metallic antenna when $ka$ is less than 0.1, leaving far more room for radiation efficiency elevation of PEA for state-of-the-art.

Metal-Loaded Acoustically Actuated Piezoelectric Antenna and Its Radiation Efficiency Limit

How to design required metamaterials with the special electromagnetic (EM) properties has always been a key problem that researchers want to solve. This article establishes a finite thickness metamaterial layer, proposes an anisotropic metamaterial EM wave propagation model, and derives a method for extracting its equivalent anisotropic constitutive parameters (CPs). By comparing the S-parameters of the metamaterial itself with the S-parameters obtained from the equivalent medium with isotropic CPs, as well as the S-parameters obtained from the anisotropic CPs, we verified that the proposed method for extracting anisotropic CPs is more accurate. The conversion path is opened up between metamaterial and medium layer with the same anisotropic CPs, and the CPs can guide the adjustment of actual periodic structural units to form metamaterials with target EM properties. To demonstrate it, this article designs and adjusts the metamaterial structure units based on the CPs, which constitute a lens with a thickness of one tenth of the wavelength that can deflect the beam by 45°. Therefore, a design system of metamaterials with required EM properties is established, which can guide the design of required metamaterials with corresponding special EM properties at specific frequencies.

Method for Designing Anisotropic Metamaterials With Required Electromagnetic Properties Based on Constitutive Parameters

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Papers

Broadband Dual-Polarized and Circularly-Polarized Reflectarrays using Planar Magneto-Electric Resonator

Metal-Loaded Acoustically Actuated Piezoelectric Antenna and Its Radiation Efficiency Limit

Method for Designing Anisotropic Metamaterials With Required Electromagnetic Properties Based on Constitutive Parameters