Engineering carbonaceous cathode materials with adequately accessible active sites is crucial for unleashing their charge storage potential. Herein, activated meso-microporous carbon nanofibers are constructed to enhance the zinc ion storage density by forming a gradient-pore structure. A dominating pore size of 0.86 nm is tailored to cater for the solvated [Zn(H2 O)6 ]2+ . Moreover, these gradient porous nanofibers feature rapid ion/electron dual conduction pathways and offer abundant active surfaces with high affinity to electrolyte. When employed in Zn-ion capacitors, the electrode delivers significantly enhanced capacity (257 mAh g-1 ), energy density (200 Wh kg-1 at 78 W kg-1 ), and cyclic stability (95% retention after 10000 cycles) compared to non-activated carbon nanofibers electrode. A series of in-situ characterization techniques unveil that the improved Zn2+ storage capability stems from size compatibility between the pores and [Zn(H2 O)6 ]2+ , the co-adsorption of Zn2+ , H+ , and SO4 2- , as well as reversible surface chemical interaction. This work presents an effective method to engineering meso-microporous carbon materials towards high energy-density storage, and also offers insights into the Zn2+ storage mechanism in such gradient-pore structures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Gradient Pores Enhance Charge Storage Density of Carbonaceous Cathodes for Zn-Ion Capacitor.

Biomass carbon material is a promising energy storage electrode material. However, the universality of high-performance carbon-based electrodes is often constrained by their complex preparation methods. Here, resorcinol and biomass furfural are used to prepare resorcinol-furfural resin, and an adequate amount of potassium hydroxide is in situ anchored during the curing process. Through a one-step carbonization-activation strategy, three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material with high specific surface area is prepared. The material exhibits satisfactory specific capacitance of 291 F g−1 at a current rate of 0.1 A g−1. The assembled symmetrical device shows impressive energy density of 18.5 Wh kg−1. The device exhibits a remarkable cycling stability with a capacitance retention as high as 96 % after 50,000 charge-discharge cycles. Interestingly, the assembled zinc-ion hybrid capacitor (0.2–1.8 V) achieves a satisfactory capacity of 101 mAh g−1 and a higher energy density of 79 Wh kg−1. This work provides a new approach for the simple preparation of carbon materials and the high value-added utilization of biomass. 

In-situ activation of resorcinol-furfural resin derived hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors and zinc-ion hybrid capacitors

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become the most widely used thin-film deposition technique in various fields due to its unique advantages, such as self-terminating growth, precise thickness control, and excellent deposition quality. In the energy storage domain, ALD has shown great potential for supercapacitors (SCs) by enabling the construction and surface engineering of novel electrode materials. This review aims to present a comprehensive outlook on the development, achievements, and design of advanced electrodes involving the application of ALD for realizing high-performance SCs to date, as organized in several sections of this paper. Specifically, this review focuses on understanding the influence of ALD parameters on the electrochemical performance and discusses the ALD of nanostructured electrochemically active electrode materials on various templates for SCs. It examines the influence of ALD parameters on electrochemical performance and highlights ALD's role in passivating electrodes and creating 3D nanoarchitectures. The relationship between synthesis procedures and SC properties is analyzed to guide future research in preparing materials for various applications. Finally, it is concluded by suggesting the directions and scope of future research and development to further leverage the unique advantages of ALD for fabricating new materials and harness the unexplored opportunities in the fabrication of advanced-generation SCs.

Atomic Layer Deposition-A Versatile Toolbox for Designing/Engineering Electrodes for Advanced Supercapacitors.

To date, batteries are the most widely used energy storage devices, fulfilling the requirements of different industrial and consumer applications. However, the efficient use of renewable energy sources and the emergence of wearable electronics has created the need for new requirements such as high-speed energy delivery, faster charge–discharge speeds, longer lifetimes, and reusability. This leads to the need for supercapacitors, which can be a good complement to batteries. However, one of their drawbacks is their lower energy storage capability, which has triggered worldwide research efforts to increase their energy density. With the introduction of novel nanostructured materials, hierarchical pore structures, hybrid devices combining these materials, and unconventional electrolytes, significant developments have been reported in the literature. This paper reviews the short history of the evolution of supercapacitors and the fundamental aspects of supercapacitors, positioning them among other energy-storage systems. The main electrochemical measurement methods used to characterize their energy storage features are discussed with a focus on their specific characteristics and limitations. High importance is given to the integral components of the supercapacitor cell, particularly to the electrode materials and the different types of electrolytes that determine the performance of the supercapacitor device (e.g., storage capability, power output, cycling stability). Current directions in the development of electrode materials, including carbonaceous forms, transition metal-based compounds, conducting polymers, and novel materials are discussed. The synergy between the electrode material and the current collector is a key factor, as well as the fine-tuning of the electrode material and electrolyte.

Supercapacitors: An Efficient Way for Energy Storage Application

High-voltage cathodes with high power and stable cyclability are needed for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. However, the low kinetics and inferior capacity retention from structural instability impede the development of Mn-rich phosphate cathodes. Here, we propose light-weight fluorine (F) doping strategy to decrease the energy gap to 0.22 eV from 1.52 eV and trigger a “Mn-locking” effect—to strengthen the adjacent chemical bonding around Mn as confirmed by density functional theory calculations, which ensure the optimized Mn ligand framework, suppressed Mn dissolution, improved structural stability and enhanced electronic conductivity. The combination of in situ and ex situ techniques determine that the F dopant has no influence on the Na+ storage mechanisms. As a result, an outstanding rate performance up to 40C and an improved cycling stability (1000 cycles at 20C) are achieved. This work presents an effective and widely available light-weight anion doping strategy for high-performance polyanionic cathodes.

“Mn-locking” effect by anionic coordination manipulation stabilizing Mn-rich phosphate cathodes

Hybrid capacitors are emerging because of their ability to store large amounts of energy, cycle through charges quickly, and maintain stability even in harsh environments or extreme temperatures. Hybrid capacitors...

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Recent Advances in Carbon-based Nanomaterial for Multivalent-ion Hybrid Capacitors: A review

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Recent Advances in Carbon-based Nanomaterial for Multivalent-ion Hybrid Capacitors: A review