The review paper summarizes major developments in vehicular emissions regulations and technologies in 2013. First, the paper covers the key regulatory developments in the field, including proposed light-duty (LD) criteria pollutant tightening in the US; and in Europe, the continuing developments towards real-world driving emissions (RDE) standards. Significant shifts are occurring in China and India in addressing their severe air quality problems. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key developments in fuels. Projections are that we are in the early stages of oil supply stability, which could stabilize fuel prices. LD and HD (heavy-duty) engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. Key developments are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are or will soon be demonstrating 50% brake thermal efficiency using common approaches. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) systems and SCR filter developments. Emphasis is on low-temperature deNOx and integration of components and control. Diesel PM (particulate matter) reduction technologies are evolving around the behavior of ash deposits and SCR integration. Filters for direct injection gasoline applications are developing very rapidly, and in some cases the back pressure, light-off characteristics, and emissions reductions are very similar to standard three way catalysts (TWCs). Oxidation catalysts mainly involve developments towards stubborn problems, like low-temperature performance with exhaust with high hydrocarbon and CO, and methane oxidation. Finally, the paper discusses some key developments in gasoline gaseous emission control, focusing on matching engine calibration with emissions system characteristics; and on lean burn gasoline emissions control. CITATION: Johnson, T., "Vehicular Emissions in Review," SAE Int. J. Engines 7(3):2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1491. 2014-01-1491 Published 04/01/2014 Copyright © 2014 SAE International doi:10.4271/2014-01-1491 saeeng.saejournals.org 1207 This paper is posted on this website with permission from SAE International. It may not be shared, downloaded, duplicated, or transmitted in any manner without prior written permission from SAE.

https://www.corning.com/media/worldwide/cet/documents/SAE_2014-01-1491.pdf

Vehicular Emissions in Review

Control-oriented model for integrated diesel engine and aftertreatment systems thermal management

Effects of application of variable valve timing on the exhaust gas temperature improvement in a low-loaded diesel engine

Performance of a conventional diesel aftertreatment system used in a medium-duty multi-cylinder dual-mode dual-fuel engine

For hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the well-studied fuel economy optimization approaches will usually implement frequent engine starts/stops, which can significantly impact the catalyst temperatures and performances of the aftertreatment systems. This paper aims to simultaneously optimize fuel economy and reduce tailpipe emissions for HEVs coupled with aftertreatment systems. First, a control-oriented model is developed by systematically incorporating HEV models with aftertreatment thermal dynamic models, both of which have been experimentally validated. The integrated model is capable of predicting engine-out gas temperature and NOx emissions and simulating the temperature dynamics of the aftertreatment systems. Additionally, post injections' characteristics are investigated and modeled. An aftertreatment warm-up approach is developed by strategically enabling double post injections. Eventually, a supervisory controller is designed to optimize the post-injection ratio and the torque split ratio of HEV powertrains. The controller designed is rooted in a model predictive control (MPC) scheme, and it has an intuitive interpretation in terms of operating costs. The validation results show that the controller can significantly reduce the warm-up time and can successfully regulate the catalyst temperature to the desired range with a reasonable sacrifice of fuel economy for HEVs.

Integrated Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Coupled With Aftertreatment Systems

Exhaust Temperature Management for Diesel Engines Assessment of Engine Concepts and Calibration Strategies with Regard to Fuel Penalty

Anhebung der Abgastemperatur am Dieselmotor durch variablen Ventiltrieb

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1365%2Fs40112-012-0018-8.pdf

Diesel Engine Development for Emission Standards in Emerging Markets

Both, the continuous tightening of the exhaust emission standards and the global efforts for a significant lowering of CO2 output in public traffic display significant developments for future diesel engines. These engines will utilize not only the mandatory Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and particulate trap (DPF), but also a DeNOx aftertreatment system as well — at least for heavier vehicles. The DOC as well as actually available sophisticated DeNOx aftertreatment technologies, i.e. LNT and SCR, depends on proper exhaust gas temperatures to achieve a high conversion rates. This aspect becomes continuously critical due to intensified measures for CO2 reduction, which will conclude in a drop of exhaust gas temperatures. Furthermore, this trend has to be taken into account regarding future electrification and hybridization scenarios. In order to ensure the high NOx conversion rates in the EAS intelligent temperature management strategies will be required, not only based on conventional calibration measures, but also a further upgrade of the engine hardware.Advanced split-cooling and similar thermal management technologies offer the merit to lower CO2 emissions on one hand and increase exhaust gas temperature at cold start and warm-up simultaneously on the other hand. Besides this, also variable valve train functionalities deliver a substantial potential of active thermal management. In the context of this paper various concepts for exhaust gas temperature management are investigated and compared. The final judgment will focus on the effectiveness concerning real exhaust temperature increase vs. corresponding fuel economy penalty. Further factors, like operational robustness, consequences on operational strategies and related software algorithms as well as cost are assessed. The utilized reference engine in this advanced program is represented by a refined I-4 research engine to achieve best combustion efficiency at minimal engine-out emissions. The detailed studies were performed with an injection strategy, featuring one pilot injection and one main injection event, and an active, advanced closed-loop combustion control. The engine used in this study allows fulfillment of Euro 6 and Tier 2 Bin 5 emissions standards, while offering high power densities above 80 kW/ltr.As a resume, it can be stated, that with all accomplished variations a significant increase in temperature downstream low pressure turbine can be achieved. The PI and PoI quantities define dominant parameters for emission formation under cold and warm conditions. By using an exhaust cam-phaser CO-, HC- and NOx emissions can be significantly lowered, separating VVT functions from the other investigated strategies.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

Advanced Thermal Management for Modern Diesel Engines: Optimized Synergy Between Engine Hardware and Software Intelligence

Dieselmotorentwicklung für Emissionsanforderungen in Neuen Märkten

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