A vision of European biogas sector development towards 2030: Trends and challenges

Power-to-Gas technologies are considered essential for a green transition of the global energy system by producing fossil-free fuel from renewable electricity and CO2. Biological methanation can be used as a Power-to-Gas technology by harnessing hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea to produce CH4 from CO2 and electricity-derived H2. Advancing biological Power-to-Gas methanation technologies to full-scale requires a dedicated focus on H2 gas-liquid mass transfer, which generally limits the conversion of H2 to CH4. Process and reactor design and operation have accordingly received much research attention in recent years, but technology development is still characterized by a broad investigation of various system configurations and operational conditions, mainly in lab-scale. This review gives an extensive summary of the current biological methanation capacities of different reactor types in the context of Power-to-Gas and critically examines the influence of operational parameters on H2 gas-liquid mass transfer based on the two-film theory. The review provides a basis for critical comparison of reactor performances among biological methanation studies, which often vary in key process parameters that have a direct influence on H2 gas-liquid mass transfer and, therefore, product gas quality. The review hereby compiles knowledge essential to realize the microbial potential for biological Power-to-Gas methanation and support the technology's development to an industrially relevant scale.

H2 gas-liquid mass transfer: A key element in biological Power-to-Gas methanation

Biogas upgrading technologies – Recent advances in membrane-based processes

Biogas is one of the most attractive renewable resources due to its ability to convert waste into energy. Biogas is produced during an anaerobic digestion process from different organic waste resources with a combination of mainly CH4 (~50 mol/mol), CO2 (~15 mol/mol), and some trace gasses. The percentage of these trace gases is related to operating conditions and feedstocks. Due to the impurities of the trace gases, raw biogas has to be cleaned before use for many applications. Therefore, the cleaning, upgrading, and utilization of biogas has become an important topic that has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, raw biogas components are investigated in relation to feedstock resources. Then, using recent developments, it describes the cleaning methods that have been used to eliminate unwanted components in biogas. Additionally, the upgrading processes are systematically reviewed according to their technology, recovery range, and state of the art methods in this area, regarding obtaining biomethane from biogas. Furthermore, these upgrading methods have been comprehensively reviewed and compared with each other in terms of electricity consumption and methane losses. This comparison revealed that amine scrubbing is one the most promising methods in terms of methane losses and the energy demand of the system. In the section on biogas utilization, raw biogas and biomethane have been assessed with recently available data from the literature according to their usage areas and methods. It seems that biogas can be used as a biofuel to produce energy via CHP and fuel cells with high efficiency. Moreover, it is able to be utilized in an internal combustion engine which reduces exhaust emissions by using biofuels. Lastly, chemical production such as biomethanol, bioethanol, and higher alcohols are in the development stage for utilization of biogas and are discussed in depth. This review reveals that most biogas utilization approaches are in their early stages. The gaps that require further investigations in the field have been identified and highlighted for future research.

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

Design of biogas upgrading processes based on ionic liquids

Bioenergy contributes significantly towards the share of renewable energies, in Europe and worldwide. Besides solid and liquid biofuels, gaseous biofuels, such as biogas or upgraded biogas (biomethane), are an established renewable fuel in Europe. Although many studies consider biomethane technologies, feedstock potentials, or sustainability issues, the literature on the required legislative framework for market introduction is limited. Therefore, this research aims at identifying the market and legislative framework conditions in the three leading biomethane markets in Europe and compare them to the framework conditions of the top six non-European biomethane markets. This study shows the global status and national differences in promoting this renewable energy carrier. For the cross-country comparison, a systematic and iterative literature review is conducted. The results show the top three European biomethane markets (Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden) and the six non-European biomethane markets (Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States of America), pursuing different promotion approaches and framework conditions. Noteworthy cross-national findings are the role of state-level incentives, the tendency to utilise biomethane as vehicular fuel and the focus on residues and waste as feedstock for biomethane production. Presenting a cross-country comparison, this study supports cross-country learning for the promotion of renewable energies like biomethane and gives a pertinent overview of the work.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/19/3803/pdf

Biogas Upgrading: A Review of National Biomethane Strategies and Support Policies in Selected Countries

Owing to the increasing challenges of climate change and limited resources, a bundle of requirements for bioenergy are given, such as securing the energy supply, linking with the material use of biomass, or producing negative emissions. Smart bioenergy generation and utilization can fulfil those requirements by the sustainable, efficient, and flexible provision of renewable energy. This study aims to thoroughly define and structure all contributions bioenergy can make to the energy system, in the form of a comprehensive multilevel goal and indicator system. The built system includes several levels of subgoals associated with biomass, with technology, and its integration. The goal system was verified by research project leaders and further experts and can be applied to any bioenergy concept worldwide.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ceat.202000033

All in One: A Comprehensive Goal and Indicator System for Smart Bioenergy

The smart bioenergy approach encompasses the further development of modern biomass utilization systems into integrated systems consisting of optimized interaction with various renewable energy sources and coupled material/energy utilization. This study introduces the development and application of a multilevel analytic hierarchy and network process (AHP-ANP) tool – SMARTbioGO – to assess smart bioenergy concepts in a transparent manner. The results indicate that all 36 analyzed bioenergy concepts support the energy system via sustainable biomass use, smart conversion, and system-beneficial integration. A comprehensive contribution to a sustainable energy system can be achieved through a network of bioenergy concepts. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ceat.202100069

The system role of smart bioenergy: a multi‐criteria assessment

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Biogas Upgrading: A Review of National Biomethane Strategies and Support Policies in Selected Countries

All in One: A Comprehensive Goal and Indicator System for Smart Bioenergy

The system role of smart bioenergy: a multi‐criteria assessment