Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disorder that causes degeneration of the cells in the brain and it is the main cause of dementia, which is characterized by a decline in thinking and independence in personal daily activities. AD is considered a multifactorial disease: two main hypotheses were proposed as a cause for AD, cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses. Additionally, several risk factors such as increasing age, genetic factors, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors play a role in the disease. Currently, there are only two classes of approved drugs to treat AD, including inhibitors to cholinesterase enzyme and antagonists to N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA), which are effective only in treating the symptoms of AD, but do not cure or prevent the disease. Nowadays, the research is focusing on understanding AD pathology by targeting several mechanisms, such as abnormal tau protein metabolism, β-amyloid, inflammatory response, and cholinergic and free radical damage, aiming to develop successful treatments that are capable of stopping or modifying the course of AD. This review discusses currently available drugs and future theories for the development of new therapies for AD, such as disease-modifying therapeutics (DMT), chaperones, and natural compounds.

Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Treatment

The primary objectives of the article were accomplished by providing both a bibliography of articles dealing with clinical pharmacy services in acute-care facilities and summaries of those constituting original research reports on clinical pharmacy services. However, in the process, we made the following interesting observations. We found that articles reporting impacts on cost, quality, and attitude numbered 48, 58, and 24, respectively. Most articles relating to drug therapy monitoring, with minor exceptions, dealt with either the quality or cost-savings impact or a combination of both. Also, articles concerning drug therapy monitoring comprised almost half of all those summarized (40 articles). Articles detailing drug information and education (category 2) numbered 28 and dealt mainly with attitudes or quality impacts with minor reference to cost-savings. It was also interesting, albeit expected, to observe that the bulk of attitudinal studies fell in category 2. We found category 5, controlling medication administration, had 13 articles, primarily concerned with cost and or quality. Category 4, reporting and detection of adverse drug reactions, contained a total of eight articles mainly studying the impact on quality. The other categories contained very few, if any, articles. From these results, it is evident that the profession has made significant strides in building a strong scientific data base to support the value of its clinical services. However, there is ample room for additional original research reports. Although it can be argued that alone many of the studies could not justify clinical pharmacy as cost-effective, organized as one reference they provide an invaluable resource. Although it might be unreasonable to expect each pharmacy department to be able to cost-justify its existence, this work presents the background data needed to begin or develop such efforts.

An Eleven-Year Review of the Pharmacy Literature: Documentation of the Value and Acceptance of Clinical Pharmacy

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric patients with epilepsy: Review of pharmacological treatment

Biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases: a proteomic approach.

Parkinson disease (PD) typically affects the cortical regions during the later stages of disease, with neuronal loss, gliosis, and formation of diffuse cortical Lewy bodies in a significant portion of patients with dementia. To identify novel proteins involved in PD progression, we prepared synaptosomal fractions from the frontal cortices of pathologically verified PD patients at different stages along with age-matched controls. Protein expression profiles were compared using a robust quantitative proteomic technique. Approximately 100 proteins displayed significant differences in their relative abundances between PD patients at various stages and controls; three of these proteins were validated using independent techniques. One of the confirmed proteins, glutathione S-transferase Pi, was further investigated in cellular models of PD, demonstrating that its level was intimately associated with several critical cellular processes that are directly related to neurodegeneration in PD. These results have, for the first time, suggested that the levels of glutathione S-transferase Pi may play an important role in modulating the progression of PD.

/pdf/identification-of-glutathione-s-transferase-pi-as-a-protein-29rgdi13w4.pdf

Identification of glutathione S-transferase pi as a protein involved in Parkinson disease progression.

The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine and the symptoms and treatment of acute clinidine overdosage are reviewed. Clonidine, a relatively safe and effective antihypertensive agent when used at therapeutic dosages, reduces blood pressure through a centrally mediated reduction in vasomotor tone. The primary symptoms of clonidine overdosage are central nervous system depression, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, hypotonia, respiratory depression and possibly seizures. Gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal is used to decrease absorption following acute oral ingestion. Intravenous fluid therapy and dopamine infusion are recommended for severe hypotension, and atropine sulfate is used to manage persistent bradycardia. Treatment of hypotension with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., tolazoline) is not recommended unless patients fail to respond to dopamine infusion and administration of i.v. fluids.

Clonidine overdose: a review.

Alzheimer's disease is an insidious degenerative disease of the brain and is the leading cause of dementia in the U.S. Numerous etiologies have been postulated, including a large body of evidence suggesting a slow viral infection, possibly in genetically predisposed individuals, but this remains to be proven. Differential diagnosis is based primarily on exclusion of other treatable forms of dementia. Neurochemical studies suggest a cholinergic deficit; thus primary emphasis in treatment has been directed at enhancing cholinergic activity. Choline and lecithin supplementation generally has been ineffective. Results with physostigmine are encouraging and further studies with this drug prototype are needed. Physostigmine's clinical usefulness is limited, however, due to peripheral side effects and its short duration of action. Other pharmacological approaches, such as naloxone, neural metabolic enhancers, stimulants, and vasopressin analogs, have been investigated. The clinical features and pathology of the disease are reviewed.

Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Medication problems handled by a consumer-oriented drug information center

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Christopher S. Conner

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Clonidine overdose: a review.

Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Medication problems handled by a consumer-oriented drug information center