OBJECTIVE. In light of the rapidly increasing frequency of pediatric CT examinations, the purpose of our study was to assess the lifetime cancer mortality risks attributable to radiation from pediatric CT.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Organ doses as a function of age-at-diagnosis were estimated for common CT examinations, and estimated attributable lifetime cancer mortality risks (per unit dose) for different organ sites were applied. Standard models that assume a linear extrapolation of risks from intermediate to low doses were applied. On the basis of current standard practice, the same exposures (milliampere-seconds) were assumed, independent of age.RESULTS. The larger doses and increased lifetime radiation risks in children produce a sharp increase, relative to adults, in estimated risk from CT. Estimated lifetime cancer mortality risks attributable to the radiation exposure from a CT in a 1-year-old are 0.18% (abdominal) and 0.07% (head)—an order of magnitude higher than for adults—although those figures st...

https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760289

Estimated Risks of Radiation-Induced Fatal Cancer from Pediatric CT

Recent technologic advances have markedly enhanced the clinical applications of computed tomography (CT). While the benefits of CT exceed the harmful effects of radiation exposure in patients, increasing radiation doses to the population have raised a compelling case for reduction of radiation exposure from CT. Strategies for radiation dose reduction are difficult to devise, however, because of a lack of guidelines regarding CT examination and scanning techniques. Various methods and strategies based on individual patient attributes and CT technology have been explored for dose optimization. It is the purpose of this review article to outline basic principles of CT radiation exposure and emphasize the need for CT radiation dose optimization based on modification of scanning parameters and application of recent technologic innovations.

Strategies for CT radiation dose optimization.

Purpose— The purpose of this statement is to review the literature on childhood stroke and to provide recommendations for optimal diagnosis and treatment. This statement is intended for physicians ...

/pdf/management-of-stroke-in-infants-and-children-a-scientific-21glewj7ma.pdf

Management of Stroke in Infants and Children A Scientific Statement From a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young

Computed tomography (CT) is an extremely valuable diagnostic tool. Recent advances, particularly multidetector technology, have provided increased and more diverse applications. However, there is also the potential for inappropriate use and unnecessary radiation dose. Because some data indicate that low-dose radiation (such as that in CT) may have a significant risk of cancer, especially in young children, it is important to limit CT radiation by following the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle. There is a variety of strategies to limit radiation dose, including performing only necessary examinations, limiting the region of coverage, and adjusting individual CT settings based on indication, region imaged, and size of the child. The pediatric health care provider has a pivotal role in the performance of CT and may be the only individual who discusses these important CT radiation issues with the child and family. For this reason, this article will summarize the issues with CT patterns of use and radiation risk, and provide dose reduction strategies pertinent to pediatric health care providers.

Computed Tomography and Radiation Risks: What Pediatric Health Care Providers Should Know

on helical CT are greater than the risk of the radiation dose, technical factors should be adjusted to minimize the radiation dose. This adjustment is the responsibility of the radiologist supervising the examination. Little attention has been given to the technical parameters that can be adjusted to reduce the radiation dose associated with CT. In this perspective, we review the adaptations made to our helical CT protocols with the intention of reducing the radiation dose to pediatric patients. We hope that by calling attention to the issue of reducing radiation exposure in the pediatric population, these adaptations will be implemented for helical CT in pediatric and general imaging departments. Two parameters that can be adjusted easily and that have a profound effect on radiation dose are tube current and pitch.

/pdf/minimizing-radiation-dose-for-pediatric-body-applications-of-g3fc5a4vbc.pdf

Minimizing radiation dose for pediatric body applications of single-detector helical CT: strategies at a large Children's Hospital.

OBJECTIVE. Limiting CT radiation dose is especially critical when imaging children. The purpose of our study was to modify and test an accurate and safe tool for evaluating systematic dose reduction for abdominal multidetector CT (MDCT) in pediatric patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS. After validating the computer-simulation technique with a water phantom, we subjected the original digital scanning data for 26 contrast-enhanced abdominal MDCT scans (120 mA) obtained in infants and children (age range, 1 month-9 years; mean age, 3.1 years) to simulated tube current reduction (100, 80, 60, and 40 mA) by adding noise. this procedure created four additional examinations per child that were identical to the originals except for image noise. The 130 examinations were scored randomly, independently, and without prior knowledge of the children's diagnoses by three radiologists for depiction of high-visibility structures, such as adrenal glands and fat in the intrahepatic falciform ligament, and low-visibility structu...

Computer-simulated radiation dose reduction for abdominal multidetector CT of pediatric patients.

A CT system acquires a succession of 2D slice images which are combined to produce a 3D image data set. A projection image is produced from the 3D image data set and serves as an index which enables the operator to select a particular region of interest in the acquired 3D image data set. A specified number and orientation of slice images are then produced through the region of interest.

Method and system for selecting and displaying medical image data

A method for rapid extraction and visualization of relevant data from a volume of image data includes rapidly producing reduced-fidelity images derived from an image volume, the reduced fidelity images having an adjustable visual parameter; adjusting the visual parameter of the reduced-fidelity images during the rapid production to select a desired adjustment; producing a full-fidelity image derived from the image volume; and applying the selected adjustment to the full-fidelity image.

Relevant image data extraction from a medical image data volume

A method for imaging a heart of a patient utilizing a CT imaging system includes steps of assigning a scanning priority to phases of a representative cardiac cycle of the patient's heart, selecting phases of the cardiac cycle for scanning in accordance with the assigned scanning priority, and obtaining image slices of the patient's heart corresponding the selected phases of the cardiac cycle. The method can be performed by a CT imaging system including an EKG machine to record EKG data.

Methods and apparatus for non-uniform temporal cardiac imaging

A method for reconstructing an image from imaging data using an imaging system configured to accept input from an imaging system operator. The method includes steps of generating a first model from the imaging data; accepting as input an operator-specified region of interest based on the first model; and generating a second model from the imaging data based on the specified region of interest. This method simplifies entry of parameters for retrospective image reconstruction by using the operator-entered region of interest as input for automated parameter selection.

Method and apparatus for selecting retrospective reconstruction parameters

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