https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/41695/Reprints/Scheutz_2009_409-455..pdf

Microbial methane oxidation processes and technologies for mitigation of landfill gas emissions.

Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III (Mitigation).

A former dolerite quarry and landfill site was investigated using 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), with the aims of determining buried quarry geometry, mapping bedrock contamination arising from the landfill, and characterizing site geology. Resistivity data were collected from a network of intersecting survey lines using a Wenner-based array configuration. Inversion of the data was carried out using 2D and 3D regularized least-squares optimization methods with robust (L1-norm) model constraints. For this site, where high resistivity contrasts were present, robust model constraints produced a more accurate recovery of subsurface structures when compared to the use of smooth (L2-norm) constraints. Integrated 3D spatial analysis of the ERT and conventional site investigation data proved in this case a highly effective means of characterizing the landfill and its environs. The 3D resistivity model was successfully used to confirm the position of the landfill boundaries, which appeared as electrically well-defined features that corresponded extremely closely to both historic maps and intrusive site investigation data. A potential zone of leachate migration from the landfill was identified from the electrical models; the location of this zone was consistent with the predicted direction of groundwater flow across the site. Unquarried areas of a dolerite sill were imaged as a resistive sheet-like feature, while the fault zone appeared in the 2D resistivity model as a dipping structure defined by contrasting bedrock resistivities.

/pdf/electrical-resistivity-tomography-applied-to-geologic-3nk2inpzwh.pdf

Electrical resistivity tomography applied to geologic, hydrogeologic, and engineering investigations at a former waste-disposal site

https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/196062998/WM_17_2090_open_access.pdf

Methodologies for measuring fugitive methane emissions from landfills - A review.

Microbial degradation of organic wastes entails the production of various gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon monoxide (CO). Some of these gases are classified as greenhouse gases (GHGs), thus contributing to climate change. A study was performed to evaluate three methods for quantifying GHG emissions from central composting of garden waste. Two small-scale methods were used at a windrow composting facility: a static flux chamber method and a funnel method. Mass balance calculations based on measurements of the C content in the in- and out-going material showed that 91 to 94% of the C could not be accounted for using the small-scale methods, thereby indicating that these methods significantly underestimate GHG emissions. A dynamic plume method (total emission method) employing Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy was found to give a more accurate estimate of the GHG emissions, with CO2 emissions measured to be 127 +/- 15% of the degraded C. Additionally, with this method, 2.7 +/- 0.6% and 0.34 +/- 0.16% of the degraded C was determined to be emitted as CH4 and CO. In this study, the dynamic plume method was a more effective tool for accounting for C losses and, therefore, we believe that the method is Suitable for measuring GHG emissions from composting facilities. The total emissions were found to be 2.4 +/- 0.5 kg CH4-C Mg-1 wet waste (ww) and 0.06 +/- 0.03 kg N2O-N Mg-1 ww from a facility treating 15,540 Mg of garden waste yr(-1), or 111 +/- 30 kg CO2-equivalents Mg-1 ww.

/pdf/quantification-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-windrow-3xqbtqtyep.pdf

Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Windrow Composting of Garden Waste

Leachate recirculation: moisture content assessment by means of a geophysical technique.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt8gm250q7/qt8gm250q7.pdf?t=q4ifrl

Atmospheric emissions and attenuation of non-methane organic compounds in cover soils at a French landfill

Field measurement of non- methane organic compound emissions from landfill cover soils

The bioreactor is a new concept of landfill where parameters of biodegradation can be controlled in order to stabilize the waste mass. A high waste moisture, generally brought by leachate recirculation, favours biodegradation and methanogenesis reactions. This study conducted by CreeD, Paris 6 University and IRD aims to establish the validity of geophysical measurement methods and the link between the geophysical measurements and the water content variations in the waste mass. Electrical resistivity is mainly linked to water and ionic content. This is the reason why geophysics methods measuring electrical resistivity are used in this study. The originality of this study will consist in in situ and laboratory measurements: On an ONYX site where a leachate recirculation is performed by vertical wells. In order to follow the leachate flow in the cell, an electrical 4D imaging is carried out with fast resistivitymeter. Results during leachate injection trials are very encouraging. The recirculation has begun in 2003 and should be carried out during several years. The study of electrical properties of leachate is conducted in order to characterise the evolution of electrical resistivity versus temperature (before studying this evolution in waste). Introduction For several years a new waste treatment approach is developed for landfilling wastes: the bioreactor. This concept consists in accelerating the waste biodegradation and stabilization process through controlled additions of liquid i.e. leachate recirculation by vertical boreholes or by horizontal trenches (Figure 1). The increase of moisture content enhances the growth of bacteria responsible of the solid waste decomposition (Warith, 2002). The bioreactor allows to accelerate the waste biodegradation and also decrease the waste stabilization time which limits environmental risks. The biogas production is enhanced during landfill operation, thus it is easier and economically feasible to recover it. Today, several research programs are developed to be able to monitor a bioreactor landfill site. Actually, for example, it is very important to control the quantity and the diffusion of leachate which have been injected in order to obtain an homogeneous and optimal moisture content in the whole waste mass of the bioreactor cell. Leachate injection (horizontal trenches) Biogas collecting Leachates storage Biogas collecting and reclaiming Leachate collecting Leachate injection (wells) Figure 1: Horizontal and vertical leachate injection system (from Onyx Waste Services) The geophysical methods measuring the electrical resistivity have proved to be efficient to monitor a bioreactor (Grellier, 2003, Moreau, 2003). In fact electrical resistivity depends partly on water content, and allows to obtain a general view of sections of the waste cells without invasive measurement. Methodology Geophysical methods measuring the electrical resistivity have been used to follow the leachate flows (2D electrical imaging, Dahlin, 2001). These methods have been well studied and show that electrical current has no difficulty in flowing through the waste mass (Carpenter et al., 1991; Haker et al., 1997; Berstone et al., 2000). However all the measurements are carried out on landfill covered with low resistive material (compacted top clay layer). In a bioreactor a geomembrane is located at the top of the landfill to remain the tightness. With such a structure electrical current can not flow through the cover. The Electrodes have to be placed just beneath the geomembrane to make measurement possible and keep the tightness of the cover. Their installation requires also precaution to be sure that the contact between electrodes and electrical line is correct. To carry out electrical imaging of the bioreactor we use a resistivity-meter from IRIS Instruments called the Syscal Pro. This is a resistivity-meter developed by the French environmental project RITEAU and designed for high productivity survey. We used to make electrical measurements with the standard resistivity-meter Syscal R1+ (IRIS Instruments). The number of electrodes (48 for each instrumented line on the bioreactor cell) requires a fast resistivity-meter in order to record several electrical imagings during a leachate recirculation time (which lasts from 45 minutes to 2h30). With a standard resistivity-meter (Syscal R1+), a wenner-α sequence of 48 electrodes takes at least 40 minutes. With the Syscal Pro, the same sequence can last at least 4’. It can save a more considerable time with other arrays like pole-dipole. This time saving is based on quick mode with a pulse duration of 240 ms constituted by one positive pulse and one negative pulse only. To save a maximal time, sequences have to be optimized in order that the maximum number of channels (10 max) for the reception can be used. Consecutive measurements can be made at the same time if they used the two same current electrodes (C1 and C2) and one common potential electrode (P1 or P2). Site study The study is conducting on one site located in the west of France. This site is the first official French ONYX bioreactor. The injection system is constituted by vertical wells. Its operation has begun in 2001, June. An important geophysical instrumentation was installed on the site (Figure 3): 200 electrodes (three horizontal 2D electrical imaging of 48 electrodes and one of 32 electrodes; four vertical 2D electrical lines of 8 electrodes. in each case the electrode spacing is 1 m). Moreover temperature will be monitored by means of 12 thermal sensors placed on 3 out of the 4 vertical 2D electrical lines. All this instrumentation allows us to monitor the bioreactor in 4D (3 spatial dimensions and 1 time dimension).

Geophysics Applied To A Bioreactor During Leachate Recirculation And To Leachate Samples

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Leachate recirculation: moisture content assessment by means of a geophysical technique.

Atmospheric emissions and attenuation of non-methane organic compounds in cover soils at a French landfill

Field measurement of non- methane organic compound emissions from landfill cover soils

Geophysics Applied To A Bioreactor During Leachate Recirculation And To Leachate Samples