This paper gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of the new adjustment. Further, it describes in detail the adjustment of the values of the constants, including the selection of the final set of input data based on the results of least-squares analyses. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.

/pdf/codata-recommended-values-of-the-fundamental-physical-4bsdant71c.pdf

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006

Measurements with a one-electron quantum cyclotron determine the electron magnetic moment, given by $g/2=1.001 159 652 180 73(28)[0.28\mathrm{ppt}]$, and the fine structure constant, $\ensuremath{\alpha}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=137.035 999 084(51)[0.37\mathrm{ppb}]$. Announcements of these measurements [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030801 (2006); 100, 120801 (2008)] are supplemented here with a more complete description of the one-electron quantum cyclotron and the measurement methods, a discussion of the cavity control of the radiation field, a summary of the analysis of the measurements, and a fuller discussion of the uncertainties.

pdf/cavity-control-of-a-single-electron-quantum-cyclotron-4xw8xpo2m2.pdf

Cavity control of a single-electron quantum cyclotron: Measuring the electron magnetic moment

We experimentally and numerically tested the separability of two independent equally luminous monochromatic and white light sources at the diffraction limit, using optical vortices (OV). The diffraction pattern of one of the two sources crosses a fork hologram on its center generating the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) transform of an Airy disk. The second source, crossing the fork hologram in positions different from the optical center, generates nonsymmetric LG patterns. We formulated a criterion, based on the asymmetric intensity distribution of the superposed LG patterns so created, to resolve the two sources at angular distances much below the Rayleigh criterion. Analogous experiments in white light allow angular resolutions which are still one order of magnitude below the Rayleigh criterion. The use of OVs might offer new applications for stellar separation in future space experiments.

https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0606196v3

Overcoming the rayleigh criterion limit with optical vortices.

We present up to 24-photon Bragg diffraction as a beam splitter in light-pulse atom interferometers to achieve the largest splitting in momentum space so far. Relative to the 2-photon processes used in the most sensitive present interferometers, these large momentum transfer beam splitters increase the phase shift 12-fold for Mach-Zehnder (MZ) and 144-fold for Ramsey-Borde (RB) geometries. We achieve a high visibility of the interference fringes (up to 52% for MZ or 36% for RB) and long pulse separation times that are possible only in atomic fountain setups. As the atom's internal state is not changed, important systematic effects can cancel.

Atom Interferometry with up to 24-Photon-Momentum-Transfer Beam Splitters

We present a new measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant G based on cold-atom interferometry. Freely falling samples of laser-cooled rubidium atoms are used in a gravity gradiometer to probe the field generated by nearby source masses. In addition to its potential sensitivity, this method is intriguing as gravity is explored by a quantum system. We report a value of G � 6:667 � 10 � 11 m 3 kg � 1 s � 2 , estimating a statistical uncertainty of � 0:011 � 10 � 11 m 3 kg � 1 s � 2 and a systematic uncertainty of � 0:003 � 10 � 11 m 3 kg � 1 s � 2 . The long-term stability of the instrument and the signal-tonoise ratio demonstrated here open interesting perspectives for pushing the measurement accuracy below the 100 ppm level. The Newtonian constant of gravity G is one of the most measured fundamental physical constants and at the same time the least precisely known. Improving the knowledge of G has not only a pure metrological interest, but is also important for the key role that it plays in theories of gravitation, cosmology, and particle physics, in geophysical models, and in astrophysical observations. However, the extreme weakness of the gravitational force and the impossibility of shielding the effects of gravity make it difficult to measure G, while keeping systematic effects well under control. Many of the measurements performed to date are based on the traditional torsion pendulum method [1], direct derivation of the historical experiment performed by Cavendish in 1798. Recently, many groups have set up new experiments based on different concepts and with completely different systematics: a beam-balance system [2], a laser interferometry measurement of the acceleration of a freely falling test mass [3], experiments based on Fabry-Perot or microwave cavities [4,5]. However, the most precise measurements available today still show substantial discrepancies, limiting the accuracy of the 2006 CODATA recommended value for G to 1 part in 10 4 . From this point of view, the realization of conceptually different experiments can help to identify still hidden systematic effects and therefore improve the confidence in the final result. Cold-atom interferometry has demonstrated outstanding performances for the measurement of tiny rotations and accelerations, and it is widely used for many applications: precision measurements of gravity [6], gravity gradient [7], and rotation of the Earth [8,9], but also tests of Einstein’s weak equivalence principle [10], tests of Newton’s law at short distances [11], and measurement of fundamental physical constants [12,13]. Applications of these techniques for fundamental physics experiments in space are under study [14]. In this Letter, we present a new determination of the Newtonian constant of gravity based on cold-atom interferometry. An atomic gravity gradiometer is used to measure the differential acceleration experienced by two freely falling samples of laser-cooled rubidium atoms under the influence of nearby tungsten masses. The measurement is repeated in two different configurations of the source masses and modeled by a numerical simulation. From the evolution of the atomic wave packets and the distribution of the source masses, we evaluate the expected differential acceleration, having G as a unique free parameter. Avalue for Newton’s constant of gravity is finally extracted by comparing experimental data and numerical simulations. Proof-of-principle experiments with similar schemes using lead masses were already presented in [15,16]. In the present work, specific efforts have been devoted to the control of systematic effects related to atomic trajectories, positioning of source masses, and stray fields. In particular, FIG. 1 (color online). Schematic of the experiment showing the gravity gradiometer setup with the Raman beams propagating along the vertical direction. During the G measurement, the position of the source masses is alternated between configuration C1 (left) and C2 (right). PRL 100, 050801 (2008)

Determination of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Atom Interferometry

We report on progress towards a measurement of the fine structure constant α to an accuracy of 5×10-10 or better by measuring the ratio h/mCs of the Planck constant h to the mass of the cesium atom mCs. Compared to similar experiments, ours is improved in three significant ways: (i) simultaneous conjugate interferometers, (ii) multi-photon Bragg diffraction between same internal states, and (iii) an about 1000-fold reduction of laser phase noise to -138 dBc/Hz. Combining that with a new method to simultaneously stabilize the phases of four frequencies, we achieve 0.2 mrad effective phase noise at the location of the atoms. In addition, we use active stabilization to suppress systematic effects due to beam misalignment.

A new photon recoil experiment: towards a determination of the fine structure constant

We measure and stabilize the relative angle of parallel and antiparallel laser beams to 5?nrad?Hz resolution by comparing the phases of radio frequency beat notes on a quadrant photodetector. The absolute accuracy is 5.1 and 2.1??rad for antiparallel and parallel beams, respectively, which is more than 6 and 16 times below the Rayleigh criterion.

Active sub-Rayleigh alignment of parallel or antiparallel laser beams.

We report on progress towards a measurement of the fine structure constant to an accuracy of $5\times 10^{-10}$ or better by measuring the ratio of the Planck constant to the mass of the cesium atom. Compared to similar experiments, ours is improved in three significant ways: (i) simultaneous conjugate interferometers, (ii) multi-photon Bragg diffraction between same internal states, and (iii) an about 1000 fold reduction of laser phase noise to -138 dBc/Hz. Combining that with a new method to simultaneously stabilize the phases of four frequencies, we achieve 0.2 mrad effective phase noise at the location of the atoms. In addition, we use active stabilization to suppress systematic effects due to beam misalignment.

We measure and stabilize the relative angle of (anti-)parallel laser beams to 5 nanoradian per root Hertz resolution by comparing the phases of radio frequency beat notes on a quadrant photodetector. The absolute accuracy is 5.1 microradian and 2.1 microradian for antiparallel and parallel beams, respectively, which is more than 6 and 16 times below the Rayleigh criterion.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0507039.pdf

Active sub-Rayleigh alignment of parallel or antiparallel laser beams

We present a painless, almost-free upgrade to present extended-cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) that improves the long-term mode-hop-free performance by stabilizing the resonance of the internal cavity to the external cavity. This stabilization is based on the observation that the frequency or amplitude noise of the ECDL is lowest at the optimum laser diode temperature or injection current. Thus, keeping the diode current at the level where the noise is lowest ensures mode-hop-free operation within one of the stable regions of the mode chart, even if these should drift due to external influences. This method can be applied directly to existing laser systems without modifying the optical setup. We demonstrate the method in two ECDLs stabilized to vapor cells at 852 and 895 nm wavelengths. We achieve long-term mode-hop-free operation and low noise at low power consumption, even with an inexpensive non-antireflection-coated diode.

Extended-cavity diode lasers with tracked resonances

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A new photon recoil experiment: towards a determination of the fine structure constant

Active sub-Rayleigh alignment of parallel or antiparallel laser beams.

A new photon recoil experiment: towards a determination of the fine structure constant

Active sub-Rayleigh alignment of parallel or antiparallel laser beams

Extended-cavity diode lasers with tracked resonances