The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

The aim of the study was to investigate the complete substitution of imported soybean meal in beef cattle diets and the consequences on performance, meat, and adipose tissue quality. Thirty growing crossbred Limousin bulls, with an initial bodyweight of 164 ± 13 kg and 4.3 ± 0.3 months of age, were fed a grass/maize-silage based diet with little additional concentrate (0.5:0.3:0.2). Concentrates contained either soybean meal (positive control), faba beans, pumpkin seed cake, or spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), resulting in about 226 g crude protein (CP)/kg concentrate dry matter (DM) and 158 g CP/kg total diet DM. A grain-based concentrate providing just 135 g CP/kg concentrate DM and 139 g CP/total diet DM served as a negative control. Bulls of all groups had comparable average daily gains (1.43 ± 0.1 kg) and feed intakes (6.92 ± 0.37 kg). Carcass and meat quality did not differ among groups. The fatty acid profile of meat lipids was hardly affected. These results indicate that soybean meal can be replaced by any of the tested protein sources without impairing performance or meat quality. Importantly, bulls fed the negative control achieved a fattening and slaughter performance comparable to that of the protein-supplemented groups without affecting meat and adipose tissue quality. Thus, the present findings suggest that feeding crossbred bulls a grass/maize-silage based diet does not require additional protein supplementation.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/6/1588/pdf

Soybean Meal Can Be Replaced by Faba Beans, Pumpkin Seed Cake, Spirulina or Be Completely Omitted in a Forage-Based Diet for Fattening Bulls to Achieve Comparable Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality.

Microalgae constitute an underexploited feed resource for ruminant nutrition. The unique digestive tract of ruminants makes them best suited to utilise complex polysaccharides and non-protein nitrogen of eukaryotic microalgae, though contrasting effects on rumen fermentation have been reported. The current study aimed to assess the effects of microalgae species, inclusion level and basal substrates on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. To this end, haylage and maize silage were supplemented with 2.5, 5 and 10% (w/w, dry matter basis) of Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis sp. and incubated for 24-h with rumen inocula non-adapted to microalgae. No significant interaction was observed among basal substrate, microalgae species and inclusion level for any of the parameters evaluated. Substrate and microalgae species interaction affected most fermentation parameters. The lowest gas and methane productions and yields, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and concentrations of acetic, butyric and most minor VFA observed when C. vulgaris was incubated with haylage suggest that rumen fermentation was inhibited to a greater extent by this microalgae, probably reflecting a low availability of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates due to differences in cell wall structure and composition. However, the opposite was observed when C. vulgaris was incubated with maize silage, suggesting an improvement in the synchrony between fermentable energy and degradable nitrogen. Microalgae species and inclusion level interaction mainly affected methanogenesis. The lowest methane yield with N. oceanica at 10% may be explained by its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The interaction between basal substrate and microalgae inclusion level did not affect any parameter. Overall, the effects of the interactions between substrate and microalgae species and microalgae species and inclusion level, underpin the importance of identifying optimal microalgae species and inclusion levels according to the basal diet fed to ruminants.

Effects of Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis sp. supplementation levels on in vitro rumen fermentation

The beneficial effects of polyphenol intake such as improved nitrogen retention make them interesting feed supplements for ruminants. In contrast, dietary polyphenols may have adverse effects on the bioavailability of nutrients and palatability of the feed which might impair growth performance. The beneficial and adverse effects might differ between different ruminant species as well as between direct intake and intake of polyphenol metabolites via suckling when supplemented to lactating dams. This study investigated the effects of maternal and direct polyphenol supplementation via grape seed extract in sheep and goats on growth, slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid profile. The diet of lactating East Friesian Dairy sheep (n = 11) and Saanen goats (n = 9) and of their lambs (n = 16) and kids (n = 13), respectively, was supplemented either with grape seed extract (dams: 7.4% and offspring: 5.6%, P) or without (C). This resulted in four groups per species, namely maternalC/offspringC, maternalC/offspringP, maternalP/offspringC, and maternalP/offspringP. In lambs but not in goats, maternalP increased average daily gain and improved slaughter performance whereas offspringP had no effect. Maternal and offspring diet did not affect physicochemical meat quality in lambs, but direct intake of grape seed extract increased rancid aroma of burger patties. In goat kids, both maternal and offspring diets slightly affected meat colour. While groups of meat fatty acids (FAs) were not affected by diet in both species, maternalP in lambs as well as maternalP and offspringP in goat kids increased the meat n–6 to n–3 FA ratio compared to the respective control groups. In goat kid but not in lamb meat, direct intake of polyphenols affected the proportions of several rumen biohydrogenation intermediates. In conclusion, grape seed extract can be applied in both the maternal and offspring diets in sheep and goats while maintaining or even improving offspring growth performance and carcass quality. Only few species-specific effects of grape seed extract supplementation were observed, and additive effects were scarce. Larger studies are required to confirm the observed species-specific growth response to maternalP during lactation. The underlying reasons for this differential response need to be further evaluated.

Maternal and direct dietary polyphenol supplementation affect growth, carcass and meat quality of sheep and goats.

Effects of maternal high-energy diet and spirulina supplementation in pregnant and lactating sows on performance, quality of carcass and meat, and its fatty acid profile in male and female offspring.

Differential partitioning of rumen-protected n-3 and n-6 fatty acids into muscles with different metabolism.

In this study, in vitro ruminal fermentation, anti-methanogenesis, and ammonia formation of two autotrophic algae [Nannochloropsis gaditana (NG), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT)], and one heterotrop...

/pdf/in-vitro-ruminal-fermentation-and-methane-inhibitory-effect-1jp6sixwn8.pdf

In vitro ruminal fermentation and methane inhibitory effect of three species of microalgae

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA), play an important role in the regulation of FA metabolism in all mammals. However, FA metabolism differs between different organs, suggesting a distinct partitioning of highly relevant FA. For the present study in cattle, a novel technology was applied to overcome rumen biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated FA. Angus heifers were fed a straw-based diet supplemented for 8 weeks with 450 g/day of rumen-protected oil, either from fish (FO) or sunflower (SO). The FA composition in blood and five important organs, namely heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen, was examined. In blood, proportions of polyunsaturated FA were increased by supplementing FO compared to SO. The largest increase of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) proportion was found with FO instead of SO in the kidney, the lowest in the lung. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was increased more in the liver than in kidney, lung, and spleen. The heart incorporated seven times more EPA than DHA, which is more than all other organs and described here for the first time in ruminants. In addition, the heart had the highest proportions of α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) of all organs. The proportions of polyunsaturated FA in the lung and spleen were exceptionally low compared to heart, liver, and kidney. In conclusion, it was shown that the response to FO in the distribution of dietary n-3 FA was organ-specific while proportions of n-6 FA were quite inert with respect to the type of oil supplemented.

Partitioning of Rumen-Protected n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids is Organ-Specific in Growing Angus Heifers.

Replacing sunflower oil by rumen-protected fish oil has only minor effects on the physico-chemical and sensory quality of Angus beef and beef patties.

Lipids are stored at various sites inside the body as adipose tissue (AT). These include subcutaneous, abdominal, and intermuscular locations. The AT substantially differ in their metabolic function. It is, however, unclear whether AT have specific requirements for individual essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA). If so, control mechanisms would partition FA from the blood. To investigate the hypothesis of a selective FA incorporation, 18 beef heifers were fed diets supplemented with 60 g/kg diet with lipids from either fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil (SO). The lipids had partially been rumen-protected to ruminal biohydrogenation of n-3 and n-6 FA. The AT analyzed for n-3 and n-6 FA by gas chromatography were obtained from pericardial, longissimus thoracis (LT) intermuscular, perirenal, and subcutaneous sites. The greatest proportions of n-3 and n-6 FA were found in the pericardial AT. Despite generally low abundance, n-3 FA proportions increased with FO compared to SO supplementation in all AT, but to a different extent. No such partitioning was found for the n-6 FA when supplementing SO. Concomitantly, the n-6/n-3 FA ratio was reduced with FO in all AT, except in the pericardial AT. The latter has specific metabolic functions and thus appears to be quite resistant to diet-induced changes in FA profile in order to maintain its function. The present findings showed the special role of specific n-3 and n-6 FA in bovine AT.

Preferential Partitioning of Rumen-Protected n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids into Functionally Different Adipose Tissues.

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