There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Recycling of rare earths: a critical review

Simulation and the monte carlo method

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted significant attention in recent years due to the increasing demand for corresponding critical metals/materials and growing pressure on the environmental impact of solid waste disposal. A range of investigations have been carried out for recycling spent LIBs to obtain either battery materials or individual compounds. For the effective recovery of materials to be enhanced, physical pretreatment is usually applied to obtain different streams of waste materials ensuring efficient separation for further processing. Subsequently, a metallurgical process is used to extract metals or separate impurities from a specific waste stream so that the recycled materials or compounds can be further prepared by incorporating principles of materials engineering. In this review, the current status of spent LIB recycling is summarized in light of the whole recycling process, especially focusing on the hydrometallurgy. In addition to understanding different hydromet...

A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

https://research.chalmers.se/publication/518522/file/518522_Fulltext.pdf

Potential tellurium deposits in the BWR containment during a severe nuclear accident

In this paper, multi-group microscopic cross-section uncertainty is propagated through the DRAGON (Version 4) lattice code, in order to perform uncertainty analysis on k∞ and 2-group homogenized macroscopic cross-sections predictions. A statistical methodology is employed for such purposes, where cross-sections of certain isotopes of various elements belonging to the 172 groups DRAGLIB library format, are considered as normal random variables. This library is based on JENDL-4 data, because JENDL-4 contains the largest amount of isotopic covariance matrixes among the different major nuclear data libraries. The aim is to propagate multi-group nuclide uncertainty by running the DRAGONv4 code 500 times, and to assess the output uncertainty of a test case corresponding to a 17x17 PWR fuel assembly segment without poison. The chosen sampling strategy for the current study is Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). The quasi-random LHS allows a much better coverage of the input uncertainties than simple random sampling (SRS) because it densely stratifies across the range of each input probability distribution. Output uncertainty assessment is based on the tolerance limits concept, where the sample formed by the code calculations infers to cover 95% of the output population with at least a 95% of confidence. This analysis is the first attempt to propagate parameter uncertainties of modern multi-group libraries, which are used to feed advanced lattice codes that perform state of the art resonant self-shielding calculations such as DRAGONv4.

Statistical uncertainty analisis applied to the DRAGONv4 code lattice calculations and based on JENDL-4 covariance data

Today it is assumed that our universe consists of ∼70% dark energy, ∼25% dark matter, and ∼5% of radiation and visible matter, see Table 12.1. Hydrogen, deuterium and most of the helium atoms in the normal matter part of the universe are believed to have been created 13.75±0.11 billion years ago in a primary formation process referred to as the Big Bang , while all other elements have been formed – and are still being formed – in nuclear reactions in the stars and today also in our nuclear reactors. Most of these reaction processes can only be understood in an astrophysical context, as briefly outlined in this chapter, which also describes how nuclear science has provided much understanding about the universe, our solar system and our planets. The fusion reactions, which created the lightest elements, may in the future also provide us with a large source of energy in controlled thermonuclear reactors, see Ch. 19. It follows from the understanding of the processes involved that both fission and fusion used for power producing purposes should be named nuclear power.

Chapter 12 – The Origin of the Universe and Nucleosynthesis

This chapter discusses production of radionuclides for beneficial use in science, medicine and technology. The nuclear fundamentals for the production processes have been given in Chapters 11 to 14. The formation of radionuclides is discussed in several Chapters: e.g. cosmogenic reactions leading to the formation of short-lived radionuclides in nature (Ch.12 and 13); thermonuclear reactions leading to the formation of long-lived radioactivity in the universe (Ch. 12); the synthesis of trans-uranium elements (Ch. 14 and 19–21). The production and isolation of separated fission products is treated separately (Ch. 19–21). This chapter discusses aspects of fundamental importance to the production of radionuclides by a variety of methods. Initially the principles are reviewed and, subsequently, the most advanced techniques for investigating short-lived radionuclides are described.

Production of Radionuclides

In this paper, multi-group microscopic cross-section uncertainty is propagated through the DRAGON (Version 4) lattice code, in order to perform uncertainty analysis on k_inf and 2-group homogenized macroscopic cross-sections predictions. A statistical methodology is employed for such purposes, where cross-sections of certain isotopes of various elements belonging to the 172 groups DRAGLIB library format, are considered as normal random variables. This library is based on JENDL-4 data, because JENDL-4 contains the largest amount of isotopic covariance matrixes among the different major nuclear data libraries. The aim is to propagate multi-group nuclide uncertainty by running the DRAGONv4 code 500 times, and to assess the output uncertainty of a test case corresponding to a 17x17 PWR fuel assembly segment without poison. The chosen sampling strategy for the current study is Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). The quasi-random LHS allows a much better coverage of the input uncertainties than simple random sampling (SRS) because it densely stratifies across the range of each input probability distribution. Output uncertainty assessment is based on the tolerance limits concept, where the sample formed by the code calculations infers to cover 95% of the output population with at least a 95% of confidence. This analysis is the first attempt to propagate parameter uncertainties of modern multi-group libraries, which are used to feed advanced lattice codes that perform state of the art resonant self- shielding calculations such as DRAGONv4.

Statistical uncertainty analysis applied to the DRAGONv4 code lattice calculations and based on JENDL-4 covariance data

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