Rod Borup is a Team Leader in the fuel cell program at Los Alamos National Lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He received his B.S.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Iowa in 1988 and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1993. He has worked on fuel cell technology since 1994, working in the areas of hydrogen production and PEM fuel cell stack components. He has been awarded 12 U.S. patents, authored over 40 papers related to fuel cell technology, and presented over 50 oral papers at national meetings. His current main research area is related to water transport in PEM fuel cells and PEM fuel cell durability. Recently, he was awarded the 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program R&D Award for the most significant R&D contribution of the year for his team's work in fuel cell durability and was the Principal Investigator for the 2004 Fuel Cell Seminar (San Antonio, TX, USA) Best Poster Award. Jeremy Meyers is an Assistant Professor of materials science and engineering and mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where his research focuses on the development of electrochemical energy systems and materials. Prior to joining the faculty at Texas, Jeremy workedmore » as manager of the advanced transportation technology group at UTC Power, where he was responsible for developing new system designs and components for automotive PEM fuel cell power plants. While at UTC Power, Jeremy led several customer development projects and a DOE-sponsored investigation into novel catalysts and membranes for PEM fuel cells. Jeremy has coauthored several papers on key mechanisms of fuel cell degradation and is a co-inventor of several patents. In 2006, Jeremy and several colleagues received the George Mead Medal, UTC's highest award for engineering achievement, and he served as the co-chair of the Gordon Research Conference on fuel cells. Jeremy received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley and holds a Bachelor's Degree in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University. Bryan Pivovar received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1994. He completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 2000 under the direction of Profs. Ed Cussler and Bill Smyrl, studying transport properties in fuel cell electrolytes. He continued working in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a post-doc (2000-2001), as a technical staff member (2001-2005), and in his current position as a team leader (2005-present). In this time, Bryan's research has expanded to include further aspects of fuel cell operation, including electrodes, subfreezing effects, alternative polymers, hydroxide conductors, fuel cell interfaces, impurities, water transport, and high-temperature membranes. Bryan has served at various levels in national and international conferences and workshops, including organizing a DOE sponsored workshop on freezing effects in fuel cells and an ARO sponsored workshop on alkaline membrane fuel cells, and he was co-chair of the 2007 Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells. Minoru Inaba is a Professor at the Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan. He received his B.Sc. from the Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, in 1984 and his M.Sc. in 1986 and his Dr. Eng. in 1995 from the Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University. He has worked on electrochemical energy conversion systems including fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries at Kyoto University (1992-2002) and at Doshisha University (2002-present). His primary research interest is the durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in particular, membrane degradation, and he has been involved in NEDO R&D research projects on PEFC durability since 2001. He has authored over 140 technical papers and 30 review articles. Kenichiro Ota is a Professor of the Chemical Energy Laboratory at the Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan. He received his B.S.E. in Applied Chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1968 and his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1973. He has worked on hydrogen energy and fuel cells since 1974, working on materials science for fuel cells and water electrolysis. He has published more than 150 original papers, 70 review papers, and 50 scientific books. He is now the president of the Hydrogen Energy Systems Society of Japan, the chairman of the Fuel Cell Research Group of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, and the chairman of the National Committee for the Standardization of the Stationary Fuel Cells. ABSTRACT TRUNCATED« less

Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation.

Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy

Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductors is attractive for converting solar energy into hydrogen. An efficient and scalable system based on particulate photocatalyst sheets is now shown to exhibit energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1%. Photocatalytic water splitting using particulate semiconductors is a potentially scalable and economically feasible technology for converting solar energy into hydrogen1,2,3. Z-scheme systems based on two-step photoexcitation of a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst (HEP) and an oxygen evolution photocatalyst (OEP) are suited to harvesting of sunlight because semiconductors with either water reduction or oxidation activity can be applied to the water splitting reaction4,5. However, it is challenging to achieve efficient transfer of electrons between HEP and OEP particles6,7. Here, we present photocatalyst sheets based on La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La, Rh; ref. 8) and Mo-doped BiVO4 (BiVO4:Mo) powders embedded into a gold (Au) layer. Enhancement of the electron relay by annealing and suppression of undesirable reactions through surface modification allow pure water (pH 6.8) splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 1.1% and an apparent quantum yield of over 30% at 419 nm. The photocatalyst sheet design enables efficient and scalable water splitting using particulate semiconductors.

Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1%

Oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions on Ru, RuO2, Ir, and IrO2 thin film electrodes in acidic and alkaline electrolytes: A comparative study on activity and stability

A review of polymer electrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cells

In this study, we provide electrochemical and X-ray fluorescence evidence of ruthenium crossover in direct methanol fuel cells using a state-of-the-art Pt-Ru alloy catalyst at the anode. We find ruthenium susceptible to leaching out from the highly active Pt-Ru black catalyst, crossing the proton-conducting Nafion membrane and redepositing at the Pt cathode on the opposite side of the fuel cell. After first detecting this phenomenon in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) stack with a history of cell-voltage reversal, we have since observed ruthenium crossover under virtually all DMFC operating conditions, from single cell break-in (humidification) to stack life testing. The degree of cathode contamination by ruthenium species (of chemical form yet unknown) depends on, among other factors, the DMFC anode potential and the cell operating time. Once deposited at the cathode, ruthenium inhibits oxygen reduction kinetics and the catalyst's ability to handle methanol crossover. Depending on the degree of cathode contamination, the overall effect of ruthenium crossover on cell performance may be from as little as ∼40mV up to 200 mV.

Ruthenium Crossover in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Pt-Ru Black Anode

In this contribution, we present the problem of rut henium crossing from the DMFC anode catalyst, typically a Pt-Ru alloy black, through the polymer electrolyte membra ne to the cathode, typically a Pt black. We focus on the nature of the process, the impact it has on the cathode ac tivity, and the ways of avoiding it. Ru contamination of the DMFC cathode has been studied in this work with the electrochemical CO stripping technique. 7 In this method, CO is first chemisorbed on the electrode from the gas phase and then stripped off the surface in a single positive-going voltammetric sca n. The position, shape, and charge of the CO stripping pea k are all indicative of the surface area and composition. Example CO stripping voltammograms for one of the cathodes in a six-cell DMFC stack running for 850 h ours are shown in Figure 1 . The stack was operated on 0.3 M methanol at 75oC, current density of 80 mA cm -2 and

/pdf/ruthenium-crossover-in-the-direct-methanol-fuel-cell-with-a-51bi378xm0.pdf

Ruthenium Crossover in the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with a Pt-Ru Black Anode

This paper addresses the performance loss due to oxidation of a platinum cathode catalyst in continuous operation of the direct methanol fuel cell. Saturation oxide coverage is reached within 2 h at oxidizing potentials of the cathode in the absence of gas-phase oxygen. This rate of platinum oxide formation is too fast to fully explain the slow rate of cathode performance degradation. There is an indication that oxide reconstruction may be responsible for long-term cathode performance degradation beyond the initial 2 h. Cathode performance loss in the oxygen reduction reaction is fully recoverable via reduction of platinum oxide formed on the surface. Because the methanol anode is a relatively easily polarizable electrode, it cannot serve as a counter electrode for lowering the cathode potential with an external voltage source. However, the oxidized Pt can be reduced to its catalytic form by air-starving the cathode and consuming the remaining oxygen in the oxidation of crossover methanol. The subsequent depletion of oxygen in the cathode plenum leads to a potential drop below the level required for complete reduction of surface Pt oxides (hydroxides).

Recoverable Cathode Performance Loss in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Effect of the IrOx Conductivity on the Anode Electrode/Porous Transport Layer Interfacial Resistance in PEM Water Electrolyzers


 Lowering the iridium loading at the anode of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers is crucial for the envisaged GW-scale deployment of PEM water electrolysis. Here, the durability of a novel iridium catalyst with a low iridium packing density, allowing for low iridium loadings without decreasing the electrode thickness, is being investigated in a 10-cell PEM water electrolyzer short stack. The anodes of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) of the first five cells utilize a conventional iridium catalyst, at loadings that serve as benchmark for today’s industry standard (2 mgIr/cm2). The last five cells utilize the novel catalyst at 8-fold lower loadings (0.25 mgIr/cm2). The MEAs are based on Nafion® 117 and are tested for 3700 h by load cycling between 0.2 and 2.0 A/cm2, with weekly polarization curves and impedance diagnostics. For both catalysts, the performance degradation at low current densities is dominated by an increase of the overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), whereby the OER mass activity of the novel catalyst remains ≈4-fold higher after 3700 h. The temporal evolution of the OER mass activities of the two catalysts will be analyzed in order to assess the suitability of the novel catalyst for industrial application.

Durability Testing of Low-Iridium PEM Water Electrolysis Membrane Electrode Assemblies

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