Experimental investigation and monitoring of a polypropylene-based fiber reinforced concrete road pavement

As part of the traffic control plan, road markings form the traffic surface and provide visual guidance for road users. Since their first application to the present day, road markings have become a common element of road infrastructure and one of the basic low-cost safety measures. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the most significant academic activities to date regarding the influence of longitudinal and transverse road markings as well as road markings for hazard locations (curves, intersections, and rural-urban transitions) on driver’s behaviour and overall road safety. The review includes a total of 71 studies from which are 52 peer-reviewed journal studies, 4 conference proceedings, and 15 professional reports. The studies are, based on their aim, divided into two categories: (1) studies on the impact of road markings on driver behaviour (36 studies) and (2) studies on the impact of road markings on road safety (35 studies).

/pdf/road-markings-and-their-impact-on-driver-behaviour-and-road-3exkxbmhf1.pdf

Road Markings and Their Impact on Driver Behaviour and Road Safety: A Systematic Review of Current Findings

One of the most important aspects of a safe and efficient roadway is the uniform application of pavement markings to delineate the roadway path and specific traffic travel lanes. Pavement markings can communicate information to road users as no other traffic control device can. They provide continuous information to road users related to roadway alignment, vehicle positioning, and other important driving-related tasks. It is estimated that in the United States alone, approximately $2 billion is spent annually on pavement markings. Despite these expenditures, there is a general void in terms of a consolidated effort to quantify proven benefits of pavement markings, although many research projects have focused on specific elements of pavement markings. This paper was developed to bring together many of the recent and ongoing research efforts to demonstrate a renewed perspective regarding the benefits of pavement markings and, where information is available, describe the benefits of various aspects of pavement markings. This paper presents areas where conclusive findings are available, and describes areas where findings are available but show inconsistent and sometimes conflicting results.

Benefits of Pavement Markings; A Renewed Perspective Based on Recent and Ongoing Research

Providing adequate nighttime visibility to roadway users is an important consideration for state and local transportation agencies. Driving at night is less dangerous when pavement markings are easily discernable. Retroreflectivity is a measure of nighttime visibility. Transportation agencies could use estimates of the expected service life of pavement markings to plan restriping operations at a time when markings are near a minimum threshold level of retroreflectivity. The present study proposes the use of an artificial neural network to predict pavement marking retroreflectivity as a function of initial retroreflectivity, the age of the markings, traffic flow, pavement marking type, and route location information using data from North Carolina. The results show that many of the input variables have a nonlinear association with pavement marking retroreflectivity. Surface plots of the degradation pattern are provided to illustrate the relationship between input and output variables. Estimates of service life are provided to show how the output can be used to manage pavement marking systems.

Predicting Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Using Artificial Neural Networks: Exploratory Analysis

Pavement markings play an important role in the roadway system because they provide information for drivers to follow the road. Markings must be replaced when their retroreflectivity falls below an acceptable level. The rate of degradation of marking retroreflectivity can be influenced by many factors, such as type of material and traffic volume. The efficiency of pavement marking maintenance programs could be improved with statistical models that estimate the degradation of retroreflectivity over time. A case study based on data collected by the Alabama DOT was undertaken to address these issues. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to observe how existing models fit the data and develop new statistical models that could predict retroreflectivity over time for Alabama conditions. Modeling of retroreflectivity performance over time for thermoplastic markings was executed for 15 projects that had measurements of retroreflectivity for the same locations in years 2007–2010. The mode...

Modeling Retroreflectivity Performance of Thermoplastic Pavement Markings in Alabama

This study was aimed at completing the research to develop and scrutinize minimum levels for pavement marking retroreflectivity to meet nighttime driving needs. A previous study carried out in the 1990s was based on the CARVE model developed at Ohio University and resulted in a table of minimum levels of pavement marking retroreflectivity values. Since then, a newer, more powerful analytical tool, Tarvip, which was developed at the Operator Performance Lab of the University of Iowa, overcomes a lot of limitations of the CARVE model and uses updated data that reflect the current states of vehicles and roadways in the United States. In this study, the Pavement Marking Visibility Module of the Tarvip model was validated by comparing field data from various studies to prediction results under similar conditions from Tarvip. Next, a comprehensive survey on the factors that affect pavement marking visibility and minimum RL levels was performed, with key factors identified, including pavement marking configuration, pavement surface type, vehicle speed, vehicle type, and presence of RRPMs. From these key factors, a methodology of using Tarvip to do a sensitivity analysis on factors modeled in it was developed. The plan was executed, and resulting RL values under typical conditions on United States roadways formed the basis of new recommendations. Finally, limitations of the recommendations were analyzed, and a plan for future research was presented.

Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs

Research was conducted to review and develop minimum levels for pavement marking retroreflectivity to meet nighttime driving needs. A previous study performed in the 1990s using a computer model called the Computer-Aided Road-Marking Visibility Evaluator resulted in a table of minimum levels of pavement marking retroreflectivity values that FHWA used to develop its initial set of minimum pavement marking retroreflectivity levels. Since then, additional research has been completed as well as development of a newer, more feature-intensive computer model called the Target Visibility Predictor (TarVIP). The research presented used TarVIP to study pavement marking retroreflectivity needs while using the most recently available information pertaining to driver, vehicle, and headlamp trends in the United States. In this research, previous pavement marking research efforts that included findings or recommendations related to minimum retroreflectivity are summarized. Next, a comprehensive survey on the factors tha...

Review and Development of Recommended Minimum Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Levels

As traffic control devices, pavement markings relay a wide variety of information to drivers They are unique in that drivers do not have to shift their attention away from the roadway in order to receive continuous information Properly implemented pavement markings convey the following information: directional information; location of the road center and edges; the presence of passing or no-passing zones, and indication that a driver is occupying the correct lane Pavement markings become the only means of conveying this information to the driver at night, so their proper placement and maintenance are critical for safe driving However, in order for pavement markings to be seen by drivers at night, they must be retroreflective Retroreflectivity is a measure of an object’s ability to reflect light back towards a light source along the same axis from which it strikes the object In the case of retroreflective pavement markings, incoming light from vehicle headlamps is reflected back towards the headlamps, and more importantly, the driver’s eyes This retroreflectivity in pavement marking materials is accomplished with thousands of glass or ceramic beads per square foot embedded in the marking material Rather than scattering light, as the pavement marking material would do without the glass beads, the beads refract the incoming light in such a way that it is returned back towards the headlamps The most common measurement of retroreflectivity in the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance and can be described as “ratio of the luminance of a projected surface of retroreflective material to the normal illuminance at the surface on a plane normal to the incident light” Retroreflective measurements can be used to assess the efficiency of pavement markings in terms of their ability to retroreflect headlamp illumination Pavement markings, like many other roadway materials, deteriorate over time As pavement markings deteriorate, they lose their ability to retroreflect headlamp illumination As a result, retroreflective measurements of pavement markings decrease over time Some believe that this reduced performance is a causative agent in the rate and severity of nighttime crashes, although research has not yet quantified the relationship While the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices requires that all signs and pavement markings be illuminated or made of a reflective material, it contains no minimum in-service retroreflective requirements that these devices must meet In 1992, Congress mandated that such standards for signs and pavement markings be developed, and research to develop these standards has been undertaken separately The research for minimum in-service retroreflective requirements for traffic signs was accelerated, leading to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that was posted in the Federal Register in July of 2004 This notice also states the Federal Highway Administration’s intent to initiate minimum pavement marking retroreflectivity requirements after the final publication of the sign retroreflectivity standards While previous research has been undertaken to recommend minimum pavement marking retroreflectivity levels, the need exists to update the earlier research in light of changes in roadway user characteristics, vehicle preferences, and headlamp performance

Recommendations for Minimum Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Values Based on Tarvip Analyses

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Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs

Review and Development of Recommended Minimum Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Levels

Recommendations for Minimum Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Values Based on Tarvip Analyses