Advanced electrodes with a high energy density at high power are urgently needed for high-performance energy storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs), to fulfil the requirements of future electrochemical power sources for applications such as in hybrid electric/plug-in-hybrid (HEV/PHEV) vehicles. Metal sulfides with unique physical and chemical properties, as well as high specific capacity/capacitance, which are typically multiple times higher than that of the carbon/graphite-based materials, are currently studied as promising electrode materials. However, the implementation of these sulfide electrodes in practical applications is hindered by their inferior rate performance and cycling stability. Nanostructures offering the advantages of high surface-to-volume ratios, favourable transport properties, and high freedom for the volume change upon ion insertion/extraction and other reactions, present an opportunity to build next-generation LIBs and SCs. Thus, the development of novel concepts in material research to achieve new nanostructures paves the way for improved electrochemical performance. Herein, we summarize recent advances in nanostructured metal sulfides, such as iron sulfides, copper sulfides, cobalt sulfides, nickel sulfides, manganese sulfides, molybdenum sulfides, tin sulfides, with zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional morphologies for LIB and SC applications. In addition, the recently emerged concept of incorporating conductive matrices, especially graphene, with metal sulfide nanomaterials will also be highlighted. Finally, some remarks are made on the challenges and perspectives for the future development of metal sulfide-based LIB and SC devices.

Nanostructured metal sulfides for energy storage

Low-dimensional ZnO nanocrystals with controlled size, aspect ratio, and oxygen defects (e.g., type and concentration) are successfully prepared through simple solvothermal and thermal treatment methods. The structure of the as-synthesized samples is characterized by XRD, N2 physical adsorption, TEM, and IR and XPS spectra. The results show that the aspect ratio and size of the as-synthesized ZnO nanocrystals increase with increasing [OH-]/[Zn2+]; the morphology evolves from nanorod to nanoparticle with an increase in the annealing temperature; the BET surface areas of the corresponding samples decrease during these processes, respectively; and different oxygen defects, which are likely to be oxygen vacancy (Vo**) and interstitial oxygen (Oi''), are formed in our experiments accordingly. With evolution of the structure, IR absorption bands and visible photoluminescence emission peaks of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals shift and split, which is ascribed to the change of oxygen defects. In addition, it is found that the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals is mainly dependent on the type and concentration of oxygen defects. The relationship of structure-property and the possible photocatalytic mechanism are discussed in detail.

Luminescence and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Nanocrystals: Correlation between Structure and Property

Hollow nanostructures have shown great promise for energy storage, conversion, and production technologies Significant efforts have been devoted to the design and synthesis of hollow nanostructures with diverse compositional and geometric characteristics in the past decade However, the correlation between their structure and energy-related performance has not been reviewed thoroughly in the literature Here, some representative examples of designing hollow nanostructure to effectively solve the problems of energy-related technologies are highlighted, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal anodes, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemical cells The great effect of structure engineering on the performance is discussed in depth, which will benefit the better design of hollow nanostructures to fulfill the requirements of specific applications and simultaneously enrich the diversity of the hollow nanostructure family Finally, future directions of hollow nanostructure design to solve emerging challenges and further improve the performance of energy-related technologies are also provided

Design of Hollow Nanostructures for Energy Storage, Conversion and Production.

Inorganic materials with controllable shapes have been an intensely studied subject in nanoscience over the past decades. Control over novel and anisotropic shapes of inorganic nanomaterials differing from those of bulk materials leads to unique and tunable properties for widespread applications such as biomedicine, catalysis, fuels or solar cells and magnetic data storage. This review presents a comprehensive overview of shape-controlled inorganic nanomaterials via nucleation and growth theory and the control of experimental conditions (including supersaturation, temperature, surfactants and secondary nucleation), providing a brief account of the shape control of inorganic nanoparticles during wet-chemistry synthetic processes. Subsequently, typical mechanisms for shape-controlled inorganic nanoparticles and the general shape of the nanoparticles formed by each mechanism are also expounded. Furthermore, the differences between similar mechanisms for the shape control of inorganic nanoparticles are also clearly described. The authors envision that this review will provide valuable guidance on experimental conditions and process control for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles with tunable shapes in the solution state.

Shape control of inorganic nanoparticles from solution

Monodisperse hollow and core-shell magnetite (Fe3O4) spheres have been prepared by a simple one-pot method based on hydrothermal treatment of FeCl3, citrate, polyacrylamide and urea. The as-prepared samples have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The results of control experiments reveal that citrate and polyacrylamide are crucial for the formation of spherical product and the well known Ostwald ripening process is responsible for the transformation from solid spheres to hollow and core-shell spheres. The hollow and core-shell magnetite spheres are porous and highly water soluble. They exhibit superparamagnetic properties with relatively high saturation magnetization at room temperature. The superparamagnetic properties, high magnetization, high water solubility, together with the hollow interiors will render them ideal candidates for various biomedical applications.

One-step synthesis of superparamagnetic monodisperse porous Fe3O4 hollow and core-shell spheres

Preparation of shape-controlled metastable gamma-MnS semiconductor nanocrystals has been achieved on a large scale through a simple solvothermal method in the presence of PVP. The key strategy is the use of sulfur powder as sulfur source in ethylene glycol (EG) solvent that also acted as a weak reducing agent. Reaction parameters such as reaction time and temperature are found to be important in controlling various hierarchical architectures, such as homogeneous semi-hollow core-shell, hollow nanospheres, and nanowires. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicate that these hierarchical architectures are formed mainly via Ostwald ripening. The optical absorption measurements reveal that these novel architectures exhibit remarkable shift of absorption peak during the course of structural compaction and grain growth.

Metastable γ-MnS Hierarchical Architectures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Growth Mechanism

High yields of MnS microspheres with novel hierarchical structure were prepared through a simple solution method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that the microsphere has a core-shell structure: the interior hollow sphere is covered by a shell consisting of nanorod arrays. Interestingly, the nanorod is a wurtzite (WZ)/zinc blende (ZB) phase admixture with a large amount of stacking faults/twins. The alternation of WZ and ZB along the growth direction of the nanorod enables it to exhibit the features of a quantum well. Furthermore, the WZ/ZB admixture structure could also be regarded as a type II homomaterial heterostructure. All these features imply that the novel core-shell structure has great potential for applications, among them the quantum well photoelectrical and heterostructure photoconduction fields.

MnS hierarchical hollow spheres with novel shell structure

Metastable γ-MnS Hierarchical Architectures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Growth Mechanism.

pH value-dependant growth of α-Fe2O3 hierarchical nanostructures

In this study, we consider the resource allocation scheduling with a deterioration effect and position-dependent workloads concurrently on a single machine. The scheduler needs to find the optimal sequence and the optimal resource allocation such that a cost function is minimized. First, the focus is on minimizing the linear weighted sum of the schedule cost and resource consumption cost. Second problem is to minimize the schedule cost subject to an upper bound on the resource consumption cost. Third problem is to minimize the resource consumption cost subject to an upper bound on the schedule cost. Last problem is to find Pareto-optimal solutions for schedule cost and resource consumption cost. We proved that these problems remain polynomially solvable respectively.

https://www.aimsciences.org/data/article/export-pdf?id=6204b4792d80b7689021dc10

Resource allocation scheduling with deteriorating jobs and position-dependent workloads

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