自然界和人类社会中存在着大量的中间状态，人类的语言也是如此。大多数人在出生后首先习得和掌握的是他的母语（mother tongue），在以后的人生中，会有机会学习第二语言（secongd language）或目的语（target language）。所谓中介语是指第二语言学习者建构起来的介于母语和目的语之间的过渡性语言，它处于不断的发展变化过程中，并逐渐向目的语靠近。

中介语（interlanguage）初探

A cognitive approach to language learning

Practice in a Second Language: Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology, edited by Robert DeKeyser, discusses the role of second language (L2) practice across two related research fields: applied linguistics and cognitive psychology. The notion of practice is controversial and raises debate, as DeKeyser acknowledges in the very first page of the introduction to this volume. The controversy stems from the fact that practice is wrongly equated with mechanical drills, these having been rejected by mainstream language teaching methodologies over the past 30 years. In order to minimize potential controversies, DeKeyser presents a focused definition of practice as “specific activities in the second language, engaged in systematically, deliberately, with the goal of developing knowledge of and skills in the second language” (p. 1). The book is intended to be a helpful resource for L2 practitioners and researchers interested in understanding the role of practice in L2 acquisition.

/pdf/practice-in-a-second-language-perspectives-from-applied-2ai2vdjzws.pdf

Practice in a Second Language: Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology

4. The effects of focussing on meaning and form in strategic planning

lnterlanguage Variation and the Quantitative Paradigm: Past Tense Marking in Chinese-English

Hong Kong secondary school students often lack the procedural knowledge of using English grammar in speaking, though they possess the relevant declarative knowledge from their education. Students' tenseless L 1 and lack of L2 exposure could have been the reasons. The present study therefore investigated if individualized feedback on students' use of past tense in their spoken narratives would facilitate their development. Recasts were chosen as the target feedback, because they intertwine with the ongoing speaking flow and provide model reformulation to ease learners' online cognitive load. However, controversies over the effectiveness of recasts lie on their variable explicitness and implicitness. Moreover, research , to date has not sufficiently examined both the explicit and implicit implementation of recasts in the context of Hong Kong. As a result, the present study explored the immediate and overtime effectiveness of implicit and explicit recasts over no feedback on Hong Kong learners' use of past tense in their spoken narratives elicited from cartoon strips. The comparative effectiveness of the two recasts was also probed. Investigation into some students' perception towards the feedbacks was conducted through stimulated recalls, to suggest causes behind the different effectiveness of recasts. The study found that both recasts were more effective than no feedback on past tense in the short term. Opposite to what was hypothesized, only the effectiveness of implicit recasts sustained overtime; and both recasts were not significantly different from each other at any time. From students' recalls of their thoughts, task demands, the online speaking mode, students' online cognitive constraints, students' deficient L2 mastery, and the different effects of recasts and students? uptakes may have been the underlying reasons prompting the variable effectiveness of recasts.

The effectiveness of enhanced and unenhanced recasts on secondary school students' past tense usage in Hong Kong

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The effectiveness of enhanced and unenhanced recasts on secondary school students' past tense usage in Hong Kong