High-Performance Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Their Applications

The last decade has witnessed significant advances in energy harvesting technologies as a possible alternative to provide a continuous power supply for small, low-power devices in applications, such as wireless sensing, data transmission, actuation, and medical implants. Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) has been a salient topic in the literature and has attracted widespread attention from researchers due to its advantages of simple architecture, high power density, and good scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Various key aspects to improve the overall performance of a PEH device are discussed, including basic fundamentals and configurations, materials and fabrication, performance enhancement mechanisms, applications, and future outlooks.

A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications

This paper presents the design and verification of a piezoelectric energy harvester with compound two-stage force amplification frame and compact footprint size to achieve high power output for a piezoelectric stack. An improved design of the conventional bridge-type force amplification frame is proposed with compound beam, which is able to maintain the large force amplification ratio while bearing a large loading force. Analytical model is developed based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory to predict the force amplification ratio of the compound two-stage force amplifier. The architectural parameters are optimally tuned to achieve the largest force amplification ratio, so as to obtain the maximum power output for the piezoelectric stack under other constraints. Simulation study is carried out by finite element analysis to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed compound two-stage force amplifier over conventional design. Moreover, a prototype harvester is fabricated for experimental testing. Results indicate that the proposed harvester features high safety factor, large amplification ratio, and compact size, which can be adopted in practical application for scavenging energy induced by human footstep during walking.

Design of a New Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Based on Compound Two-Stage Force Amplification Frame

Design and analysis of a vortex-induced bi-directional piezoelectric energy harvester

MEMS piezoelectric sensor for self-powered devices: A review

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel robust miniature three-axis vibrational energy-harvester using a mechanical-piezoelectric configuration. Using the configuration, the harvester employs Newton’s law of inertia and the piezoelectric effect to convert either the $x$ -axis or $y$ -axis in-plane and $z$ -axis out-of-plane ambient vibrations into piezoelectric voltage-responses. Under the $x$ -axis vibration (sine-wave, 75 Hz, 3.5 g), our modeled, finite-element analyzed/simulated, and experimental root mean square voltage-response with power-outputs of the harvester (stimulated in resonant with the optimum load) is 525.36 mV with 0.477 $\mu \text{W}$ , 516.51 mV with 0.461 $\mu \text{W}$ , and 548 mV with 0.519 $\mu \text{W}$ , respectively. Under the $z$ -axis vibration (sine-wave, 95 Hz, 3.8 g), the modeled, finite-element analyzed/simulated, and experimental root mean square voltage-response with power-output of the harvester (stimulated in resonant with the optimum load) is 157.35 mV with 0.066 $\mu \text{W}$ , 170.25 mV with 0.0772 $\mu \text{W}$ , and 168 mV with 0.075 $\mu \text{W}$ , respectively. These show that not only both of our modeling and finite-element analysis/simulation can successfully predict the experimental results, but also our harvester is capable of harnessing three-axial ambient vibrations. Moreover, through the piezoelectric lead–zirconate–titanate-connected-in-series approach, the voltage and power outputs are increased. According to these achievements, we believe that our harvester would be an important design reference in industry for future development of microfabrication-based (MEMS-based) three-axial piezoelectric energy harvesters and accelerometers.

A Miniature Mechanical-Piezoelectric-Configured Three-Axis Vibrational Energy Harvester

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A Miniature Mechanical-Piezoelectric-Configured Three-Axis Vibrational Energy Harvester