Hydrogel is a polymer material with a porous network structure, which allows the hydrogel to swell rapidly underwater without dissolving. This unique property of hydrogels lays the foundation for its...

Hydrogels for Underwater Adhesion: Adhesion Mechanism, Design Strategies and Applications

Underwater bionic whisker sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator for passive vortex perception

High-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers have expanded in scope and sophistication during the last two decades. Existing technology allows in situ automated measurements of water quality constituents, including both solutes and particulates, at unprecedented frequencies from seconds to subdaily sampling intervals. This detailed chemical information can be combined with measurements of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, bringing new insights into the sources, transport pathways, and transformation processes of solutes and particulates in complex catchments and along the aquatic continuum. Here, we summarize established and emerging high-frequency water quality technologies, outline key high-frequency hydrochemical data sets, and review scientific advances in key focus areas enabled by the rapid development of high-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for using high-frequency water quality measurements to bridge scientific and management gaps by promoting a holistic understanding of freshwater systems and catchment status, health, and function.

Advances in Catchment Science, Hydrochemistry, and Aquatic Ecology Enabled by High-Frequency Water Quality Measurements

Compared with traditional underwater vehicles, bio-inspired fish robots have the advantages of high efficiency, high maneuverability, low noise, and minor fluid disturbance. Therefore, they have gained an increasing research interest, which has led to a great deal of remarkable progress theoretically and practically in recent years. In this review, we first highlight our enhanced scientific understanding of bio-inspired propulsion and sensing underwater and then present the research progress and performance characteristics of different bio-inspired robot fish, classified by the propulsion method. Like the natural fish species they imitate, different types of bionic fish have different morphological structures and distinctive hydrodynamic properties. In addition, we select two pioneering directions about soft robotic control and multi-phase robotics. The hybrid dynamic control of soft robotic systems combines the accuracy of model-based control and the efficiency of model-free control, and is considered the proper way to optimize the classical control model with the intersection of multiple machine learning algorithms. Multi-phase robots provide a broader scope of application compared to ordinary bionic robot fish, with the ability of operating in air or on land outside the fluid. By introducing recent progress in related fields, we summarize the advantages and challenges of soft robotic control and multi-phase robotics, guiding the further development of bionic aquatic robots.

/pdf/recent-progress-in-modeling-and-control-of-bio-inspired-fish-13sv3035.pdf

Recent Progress in Modeling and Control of Bio-Inspired Fish Robots

Autonomous navigation and positioning are key to the successful performance of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) in environmental monitoring, oceanographic mapping, and critical marine infrastructure inspections in the sea. Cameras have been at the center of attention as an underwater sensor due to the advantages of low costs and rich content information in high visibility ocean waters, especially in the fields of underwater target recognition, navigation, and positioning. This paper is not only a literature overview of the vision-based navigation and positioning of autonomous UUVs but also critically evaluates the methodologies which have been developed and that directly affect such UUVs. In this paper, the visual navigation and positioning algorithms are divided into two categories: geometry-based methods and deep learning-based. In this paper, the two types of SOTA methods are compared experimentally and quantitatively using a public underwater dataset and their potentials and shortcomings are analyzed, providing a panoramic theoretical reference and technical scheme comparison for UUV visual navigation and positioning research in the highly dynamic and three-dimensional ocean environments.

/pdf/a-survey-on-visual-navigation-and-positioning-for-autonomous-2kwsrem9.pdf

A Survey on Visual Navigation and Positioning for Autonomous UUVs

As the ocean development process speeds up, the technical means of ocean exploration are being upgraded. Due to the characteristics of seawater and the complex underwater environment, conventional measurement and sensing methods used for land are difficult to apply in the underwater environment directly. Especially for the seabed topography, it is impossible to carry out long-distance and accurate detection via electromagnetic waves. Therefore, various types of acoustic and even optical sensing devices for underwater applications have come into use. Equipped by submersibles, those underwater sensors can sense underwater wide-range and accurately. Moreover, the development of sensor technology will be modified and optimized according to the needs of ocean exploitation. This paper has made a summary of the ocean sensing technologies applied in some critical underwater scenarios, including geological surveys, navigation and communication, marine environmental parameters, and underwater inspections. In order to contain as many submersible-based sensors as possible, we have to make a trade-off on breadth and depth. In the end, the authors predict the development trend of underwater sensor technology based on the future ocean exploration requirements.

Review of Underwater Sensing Technologies and Applications

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Review of Underwater Sensing Technologies and Applications