Nitrogen‐Doped Ti3C2 MXene: Mechanism Investigation and Electrochemical Analysis

MXenes, novel 2D transition metal carbides, have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications. The tremendous characteristics of MXenes, i.e., high surface area, high metallic conductivity, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, activated metallic hydroxide sites, and hydrophilicity, make them the best aspirant for applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensors, electronics, and environmental remediation. Due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and multifarious chemical compositions, MXenes have gained considerable attention for applications in water treatment and desalination in recent times. It is vital to understand the current status of MXene applications in desalination in order to define the roadmap for the development of MXene-based materials and endorse their practical applications in the future. This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based composites for applications in desalination. The desalination potential of MXenes is portrayed in detail with a focus on ion-sieving membranes, capacitive deionization, and solar desalination. The ion removal mechanism and regeneration ability of MXenes are also summarized to get insight into the process. The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in desalination are highlighted. Lastly, research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way. This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water desalination in the future.

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Potential of MXenes in Water Desalination: Current Status and Perspectives.

Since their discovery in 2011, MXenes (abbreviation for transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have emerged as a rising star in the family of 2D materials owing to their unique properties. Although the primary research interest is still focused on pristine MXenes and their composites, much attention has in recent years been paid also to MXenes with diverse compositions. To this end, this work offers a comprehensive overview of the progress on compositional engineering of MXenes in terms of doping and substituting from theoretical predictions to experimental investigations. Synthesis and properties are briefly introduced for pristine MXenes and then reviewed for hetero-MXenes. Theoretical calculations regarding the doping/substituting at M, X, and T sites in MXenes and the role of vacancies are summarized. After discussing the synthesis of hetero-MXenes with metal/nonmetal (N, S, P) elements by in situ and ex situ strategies, the focus turns to their emerging applications in various fields such as energy storage, electrocatalysts, and sensors. Finally, challenges and prospects of hetero-MXenes are addressed. It is anticipated that this review will be beneficial to bridge the gap between predictions and experiments as well as to guide the future design of hetero-MXenes with high performance.

Hetero-MXenes: Theory, Synthesis, and Emerging Applications.

Ti3C2 MXenes-derived NaTi2(PO4)3/MXene nanohybrid for fast and efficient hybrid capacitive deionization performance

The rapid and efficient exchange of ions between porous electrodes and aqueous solutions is important in many applications, such as electrical energy storage by supercapacitors, water desalination and purification by capacitive deionization, and capacitive extraction of renewable energy from a salinity difference. Here, we present a unified mean-field theory for capacitive charging and desalination by ideally polarizable porous electrodes (without Faradaic reactions or specific adsorption of ions) valid in the limit of thin double layers (compared to typical pore dimensions). We illustrate the theory for the case of a dilute, symmetric, binary electrolyte using the Gouy-Chapman-Stern (GCS) model of the double layer, for which simple formulae are available for salt adsorption and capacitive charging of the diffuse part of the double layer. We solve the full GCS mean-field theory numerically for realistic parameters in capacitive deionization, and we derive reduced models for two limiting regimes with different time scales: (i) in the "supercapacitor regime" of small voltages and/or early times, the porous electrode acts like a transmission line, governed by a linear diffusion equation for the electrostatic potential, scaled to the RC time of a single pore, and (ii) in the "desalination regime" of large voltages and long times, the porous electrode slowly absorbs counterions, governed by coupled, nonlinear diffusion equations for the pore-averaged potential and salt concentration.

Nonlinear dynamics of capacitive charging and desalination by porous electrodes

Porous nitrogen-doped MXene-based electrodes for capacitive deionization

In order to eliminate the use of toxic acids in common carbon nanomaterial functionalization methods, a facile and eco-friendly procedure is introduced in this study to synthesize highly dispersed, covalently functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for use in heat transfer fluids. The MWCNTs are treated covalently with clove buds in one pot using a free radical grafting reaction. The clove-treated MWCNTs (C-MWCNTs) are then dispersed in distilled water (DI water) at three different concentrations of C-MWCNTs (0.075, 0.125, and 0.175 wt %), resulting in C-MWCNT-DI water nanofluids. The effectiveness of the functionalization process is then verified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV–vis spectroscopy is also used to examine the stability of the C-MWCNTs in the base fluid. The thermal conductivity, density, and dynamic viscosity of the C-MWCNT-DI water nanofluids are studied experimentally, and th...

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Thermo-Physical Properties of Covalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Nanofluids in an Annular Heat Exchanger: A Green and Novel Synthesis

Heat exchanger is equipment used to transfer heat from one fluid to another. It has extensive domestic and industrial applications. Extensive technical literature is available on heat exchanger design, operation and maintenance, but it is widely scattered throughout the industrial bulletins, industrial design codes and standard, technical journals, etc. The purpose of this book chapter is to consolidate into basic background and concepts design of heat exchangers, operation, cleaning and green technology maintenance on heat exchanger closely related to the industrial practices.

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Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion

A thermal comfort assessment and indoor air quality evaluation was conducted in Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Energy Commission) office building located in Putrajaya, Malaysia. This field study involves the physical measurements and subjective assessment through questionnaire distributed to every occupant in selected floor of the building. The environmental parameters, which had been measured in this study, include indoor air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and air contaminants are compared to Malaysia Standard. Key question for this study is to answer the doubt on “whether a green building incorporated with various energy-saving design features able to provide good thermal comfort and good indoor air quality to the occupants, locally in Malaysia”. Outcomes of this study indicate that the indoor parameters show a good agreement with criteria specified in standards. The neutral temperature found from linear regression of actual mean vote and operative temperature is 23° C, which imply a thermally comfort condition inside the office.

Thermal comfort and Indoor Air Quality at Green Building in Malaysia

The thermophysical properties and the stability of nanofluids containing carboxyl-functionalized graphene nano-platelets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

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