SERS-based ultrasensitive sensing platform: An insight into design and practical applications

Heavy metal contaminants such as lead ions (Pb2+), mercury ions (Hg2+) and silver ions (Ag+) can cause significant harm to humans and generate enduring bioaccumulation in ecological systems. Even though a variety of methods have been developed for Pb2+, Hg2+ and Ag+ assays, most of them are usually laborious and time-consuming with poor sensitivity. Due to their unique advantages of excellent catalytic properties and high affinity for heavy metal ions, functional nucleic acids such as DNAzymes and aptamers show great promise in the development of novel sensors for heavy metal ion assays. In this review, we summarize the development of functional nucleic acid-based sensors for the detection of Pb2+, Hg2+ and Ag+, and especially focus on two categories including the direct assay and the amplification-based assay. We highlight the emerging trends in the development of sensitive and selective sensors for heavy metal ion assays as well.

Functional nucleic acid-based sensors for heavy metal ion assays

Simultaneous detection of mercury(II) and silver(I) ions with picomolar sensitivity

This review (with 116 refs.) summarizes the state of the art in resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS)-based analytical methods. Following an introduction into the fundamentals of RRS and on the preparation of metal nanoparticles, a first large section covers RRS detection methods based on the use of gold nanoparticles, with subsections on proteins (albumin, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, glycoproteins, folate receptors, iron binding-proteins, G-proteins-coupled receptors, transmembrane proteins, epidermal growth factor receptors), on pesticides, saccharides, vitamins, heavy metal ions (such as mercury, silver, chromium), and on cationic dyes. This is followed by a section on RRS methods based on the use of silver nanoparticles, with subsections on the detection of nucleic acids and insecticides. Several Tables are presented where an RRS method is compared to the performance of other methods. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical Abstract Change in the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity when mixing the nanoparticles with the specific analyte.

Gold and silver nanoparticles in resonance Rayleigh scattering techniques for chemical sensing and biosensing: a review

Label free aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of tobramycin residue in pasteurized cow's milk based on resonance scattering spectra and nanogold catalytic amplification.

O3 reacted with the H3BO3-KI solution to produce I3−, and it reacted with rhodamine 6G to form associated particles that exhibited a resonance Rayleigh scattering peak at 418 nm. Based on this, a 0.25–25 μM O3 can be determined, with a detection limit of 0.07 μM.

A new resonance Rayleigh scattering method for the determination of trace O3 in air using rhodamine 6G as probe

In an aggregated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) sol substrate, rhodamine S (RhS) exhibited a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) peak at 1503 cm−1. Based on the ozone oxidization and RhS–I3 particle reactions, 1.56–62.5 nmol L−1 of O3 can be determined by SERS, with a detection limit of 0.9 nmol L−1.

An ultrasensitive SERS method for the determination of ozone using a nanogold sol as substrate and rhodamine S as probe

The ozone in an air sample was trapped by H3BO3-LK solution to produce iodine (I2) that interacted with excess I– to form I3–. In pH 4.0 acetate buffer solutions, the I3– reacted with acridine red to form acridine red–I3 ion association particles that resulted in the fluorescence peak decreased at 553 nm. The decreased value ΔF553 nm is linear to the O3 concentration in the range 0.08–53.3 × 10–6 mol/L, with a detection limit of 4 × 10–8 mol/L. This fluorescence method was used to determine ozone in air samples, and the results were in agreement with that of indigo carmine spectrophotometry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A simple and sensitive fluorescence method for the determination of trace ozone in air using acridine red as a probe.

An aptamer was modified using a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) to form a stable aptamer–AuNP probe that was not aggregated in the pH 7.2 2-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer solution in the presence of NaCl. The Ag+ reacted with the aptamer–AuNP probe to form a hairpin structure complex of Ag+–aptamer and released the AuNPs that were aggregated to large particles, which led to a resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) peak at 596 nm enhancement. The enhanced value ΔI596 nm varies linearly with the Ag+ concentration in the range 6.7–133.3 × 10−8 M. The probe in the aptamer reaction solution has a strong catalytic effect on the Cu2O particle reaction of Fehling reagent and glucose, and the particle products exhibited a strong RRS peak at 610 nm. However, catalysis of AuNP aggregation is very weak, which means it can not be removed from the aptamer reaction solution. When the concentration of Ag+ increased, the RRS peak intensity at 610 nm decreased. The decreased value ΔI610 nm is linear to the Ag+ concentration in the range of 3.3–666.7 × 10−9 M. Thus, two new RRS methods were proposed for the detection of Ag+, with high sensitivity, good selectivity and simplicity. A highly sensitive resonance Rayleigh scattering method was proposed for trace Ag+ sensing using the aptamer-modified nanogold as a probe.

A highly sensitive aptamer method for Ag+ sensing using resonance Rayleigh scattering as the detection technique and a modified nanogold probe

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A new resonance Rayleigh scattering method for the determination of trace O3 in air using rhodamine 6G as probe

An ultrasensitive SERS method for the determination of ozone using a nanogold sol as substrate and rhodamine S as probe

A simple and sensitive fluorescence method for the determination of trace ozone in air using acridine red as a probe.

A highly sensitive aptamer method for Ag+ sensing using resonance Rayleigh scattering as the detection technique and a modified nanogold probe