The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Recent Progress in Ruthenium Oxide-Based Composites for Supercapacitor Applications

Templated mesoporous carbons: Synthesis and applications

Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) is a flexible material providing interconnected channels for the diffusion of electroactive species in electrochemical systems. This is a unique feature, which distinguishes OMC from other types of carbonaceous materials including mesoporous carbon (MC). The potential of OMC in electrochemical systems has been overshadowed by the vague terminology of this class of mesoporous materials. Despite the ordered structure of mesopores, the electrochemistry of OMC is not straightforward. This manuscript reviews the opportunities experimentally presented for employing OMC in various electrochemical power sources such as ultracapacitors, supercapacitors, battery systems, fuel cells, and electrochemical hydrogen storage systems. The aim is to highlight its potential and critical issues. For instance, the graphitization of OMC is of particular importance, as the ordered alignment of π electrons can be beneficial for charge transfer, while the mesopore edges can resemble the peculiar properties of graphene edges.

Ordered mesoporous carbon and its applications for electrochemical energy storage and conversion

Morphology controlled preparation of ZnCo2O4 nanostructures for asymmetric supercapacitor with ultrahigh energy density

High electrochemical performance of RuO2–Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded ordered mesoporous carbon as a supercapacitor electrode material

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High electrochemical performance of RuO2–Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded ordered mesoporous carbon as a supercapacitor electrode material