Biotin is a covalently attached enzyme cofactor required for intermediary metabolism in all three domains of life. Several important human pathogens (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) require biotin synthesis for pathogenesis. Humans lack a biotin synthetic pathway hence bacterial biotin synthesis is a prime target for new therapeutic agents. The biotin synthetic pathway is readily divided into early and late segments. Although pimelate, a 7-carbon α,ω-dicarboxylic acid that contributes 7 of the 10 biotin carbons atoms, was long known to be a biotin precursor, its biosynthetic pathway was a mystery until the Escherichia colipathway was discovered in 2010. Since then, diverse bacteria encode evolutionarily distinct enzymes that replace enzymes in the E. coli pathway. Two new bacterial pimelate synthesis pathways have been elucidated. In contrast to the early pathway, the late pathway, assembly of the fused rings of the cofactor, was long thought settled. However, a new enzyme that bypasses a canonical enzyme was recently discovered as well as homologs of another canonical enzyme that functions in synthesis of another protein-bound coenzyme, lipoic acid. Most bacteria tightly regulate transcription of the biotin synthetic genes in a biotin-responsive manner. The bifunctional biotin ligases which catalyze attachment of biotin to its cognate enzymes and repress biotin gene transcription are best understood regulatory system.

Biotin, a universal and essential cofactor: synthesis, ligation and regulation.

Energy, water, and clean air constitute the fundamental necessities for human survival, and these resources are deeply interconnected. The detrimental effects of modern lifestyle activities and increasing energy requirements have led to amplified use of fossil fuels. This situation is further exacerbated by the improper disposal of substantial amounts of biomass waste, especially in developing nations. However, there is an innovative solution that can address these pressing issues - the carbonization process, which transforms biomass waste into valuable advanced materials. Among the extraordinary materials generated through this procedure are porous activated carbons derived from diverse forms of biomass. Our discussion has explored various biomass sources for activated carbon and their corresponding electrochemical characteristics. Within the realm of energy storage applications, we have delved into the utilization of bio sources including waste tyre, wood, lotus husk, banana peels, bamboo waste, green tea waste, datura, and pineapple leaves in the form of activated carbons. These activated carbons possess remarkable energy storage capabilities in supercapacitors, with reported specific capacitances reaching an impressive value 1400 F/g. Furthermore, we have highlighted the functionalities of supercapacitors and batteries, as well as the distinct roles played by their individual components in energy storage. This all-inclusive assessment not only summarizes the most recent advancements in biomass-derived activated carbon but also underscores its pivotal role in storing energy. Moreover, the assessment delves into the key factors that influence the efficiency of biomass-derived activated carbon in these specific applications, perfectly catering to the requirements of future demands. 

Waste biomass-derived activated carbons for various energy storage device applications: A review

The study presents a new two-step KOH activation strategy for the facile preparation of three-dimensionally (3D) O-doped interconnected hierarchical porous carbons with ultrahigh surface area (up to 4048.2 m2/g) derived from cost-effective biomass. The resulting porous carbon electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, with specific capacitances reaching up to 419 F/g at 0.5 A/g and energy densities up to 30.3 W h/kg at 250 W/kg. Meanwhile, the electrodes showed outstanding cycling stability (up to 91.2%) after 20,000 cycles. Compared to the conventional KOH activation method, the new strategy was found to be more effective in improving the porous structure, increasing the specific surface area, and enhancing O-doping of the obtained porous carbons. As a result, the electrochemical performances of the obtained carbon electrode materials were significantly enhanced. The positive effects of this new strategy were confirmed for four types of biomass, including lotus seedpods, rice husk, reed straw and corn cob. Overall, this work provides a simple and effective way to produce superb porous biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitor with high performance. 

Ultrahigh surface area hierarchical porous carbon derived from biomass via a new KOH activation strategy for high-performance supercapacitor

Abstract Eco‐friendly lead‐free organic–inorganic manganese halides (OIMHs) have attracted considerable attention in various optoelectronic applications because of their superior optical properties and flexible solution processibility. Herein, we report a novel pseudo‐2D layered OIMH (MTP) 2 MnBr 4 (MTP: methyltriphenylphosphonium), which exhibits intense green emission under UV/blue or X‐ray excitation, with a near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield, high resistance to thermal quenching (I 150 °C =84.1 %) and good photochemical stability. These features enable (MTP) 2 MnBr 4 as an efficient green phosphor for blue‐converted white light‐emitting diodes, demonstrating a commercial‐level luminous efficiency of 101 lm W −1 and a wide color gamut of 116 % NTSC. Moreover, these (MTP) 2 MnBr 4 crystals showcase outstanding X‐ray scintillation properties, delivering a light yield of 67000 photon MeV −1 , a detection limit of 82.4 nGy s −1 , and a competitive spatial resolution of 6.2 lp mm −1 for X‐ray imaging. This work presents a new avenue for the exploration of eco‐friendly luminescent OIMHs towards multifunctional light‐emitting applications. 

Pseudo-2D Layered Organic-Inorganic Manganese Bromide with a Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield for White Light-Emitting Diode and X-Ray Scintillator.

In response to the escalating threats posed by climate change and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the pursuit of renewable energy sources and efficient energy storage technologies has become imperative. This review article focuses on the innovative application of biomass-derived carbon within the realm of supercapacitors, shedding light on the challenges, progress, and prospects in this burgeoning field. Biomass, being both sustainable and abundant, presents a promising pathway for the generation of carbon-based materials due to its inherent renewability and carbon neutrality. The utilization of biomass-derived carbon as electrode materials in supercapacitors underscores a critical advancement towards high-performance, eco-friendly, and cost-effective energy storage solutions. We delve into the diverse microstructures of carbon derived from various biomass sources, the methodologies of carbonization and activation, and the consequential effects of doping with different elements to enhance performance. Furthermore, this review meticulously examines the pivotal roles played by pore structure composition and distribution in influencing the energy storage and discharge capacities of supercapacitors. By analyzing recent advancements and synthesizing insights from current research, this article not only encapsulates the significant strides made in the applications of biomass-derived carbon but also identifies the pressing challenges that demand attention. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive overview that not only guides future research directions but also significantly contributes to the advancement of sustainable energy storage technologies, essential for tackling the global energy crisis and reducing environmental impacts. 

Biomass-derived carbon applications in the field of supercapacitors: Progress and prospects

Advances in metal-halide perovskite semiconductors have significantly influenced light-current conversion technologies. The excellent structural and compositional tunability of perovskites, coupled with their exceptional quantum yields for photoluminescence, make them a promising candidate for optoelectronic devices. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-022-01010-4.pdf

The rise of halide perovskite semiconductors

Preparation of biomass-based N, P, and S co-doped porous carbon with high mesoporosity based on the synergistic effect of NaOH/thiourea and melamine phosphate and its application in high performance supercapacitors

Electrochemical sensors for hydroquinone and catechol based on nano-flake graphite and activated carbon sensitive materials

Unlocking the Potential of Halide Perovskites through Doping

Small molecules regulate transcription in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes by either enhancing or decreasing assembly of transcription regulatory complexes. For allosteric transcription repressors superrepressor mutants can exhibit increased sensitivity to small molecule corepressors. However, since many transcription regulatory complexes assemble in multiple steps, the superrepressor phenotype can reflect changes in any or all of the individual assembly steps. E. coli biotin operon repression complex assembly, which responds to input biotin concentration, occurs via three coupled equilibria including corepressor binding, holorepressor dimerization and dimer binding to DNA. A genetic screen has yielded superrepressor mutants that repress biotin operon transcription in vivo at biotin concentrations much lower than required by the wild type repressor. In this work, isothermal titration calorimetry and sedimentation measurements were used to determine the superrepressor biotin binding and homodimerization pro...

Superrepression through Altered Corepressor–Activated Protein:Protein Interactions

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