We investigated reasons for retraction, pre-and post-retraction citations and Altmetrics indicators of retracted publications in the medical sciences from 2016 to 2020. Data were retrieved from Scopus (n = 840). The Retraction Watch database was used to identify the reasons for retraction and the time that elapsed from publication to retraction. The findings showed that intentional errors were the most prevalent reasons for retraction. China (438), the United States (130), and India (51) have the largest share of retractions. These retracted publications were cited 5,659 times in other research publications, of which 1,559 citations occurred after the retraction, which should raise concern. These retracted papers were also shared in online platforms, mainly on Twitter and by members of the general public. We recommend that the early detection of retracted papers may help to reduce the rate of citation and sharing of these publications, and minimize their negative impact.

Evolution of retracted publications in the medical sciences: Citations analysis, bibliometrics, and altmetrics trends.

This paper investigated the effects of gas pressure, in-situ stress, and coal strength on coal and gas outbursts (CGO) based on the laboratory CGO experimental data. Based on the hypothesis of the comprehensive of CGO, the single-factor control variable method was used to analyze and evaluate the relative outburst intensity, the characteristics of outburst holes, the distribution of pulverized coal, the drops of outburst gas pressure, and the pulverized coal density under different outbursts experimental condition. The improved CGO energy equation and instability criterion are proposed as a direction to study the occurrence of CGO as an energy evolution direction. Furthermore, the results shows that the initial outburst gas pressure was 0.45 MPa during the experimental conditions of in-situ stress was 5 MPa, and the coal strength was 0.24 MPa. The gas pressure is directly proportional to the relative outburst intensity, while the in-situ stress and coal strength are inversely proportional to the relative outburst intensity. After the CGO occurred, the outburst coal always show spallation and pulverization characteristics. The results highlight that the gas pressure plays a key role in pulverizing and throwing out the pulverized coal, and the in-situ stress mainly plays a role in destroying the coal, and the coal strength plays a resistance role during the CGO occurs. It is also found that pulverized coal particles size less than 0.28 mm can be used to represent the distribution pattern of the total weight of outburst pulverized coal particles in the different outburst interval. These results clearly illustrate that using effective methods to control gas pressure, in-situ stress, and coal strength has an important role in preventing and controlling CGO on coal mining sites. 

Gas pressure, in-situ stress and coal strength effects on the evolution process of coal and gas outbursts based on the experimental data

A series of coal and gas outburst tests were conducted on coal seams in north China to determine the important order of gas pressure, in situ stress, and coal strength during coal and gas outbursts. And the typical phenomena of coal and gas outbursts were investigated. In addition, improved outburst energy equations were built to study the coal energy evolution process during coal and gas outbursts. The results show that the coal strength has the strongest influence on coal and gas outbursts, followed by the gas pressure and the in situ stress. The weights of pulverized coal with a particle size of less than 0.28 mm are consistent with the changing trend of the total weights of the pulverized coal particles in the corresponding outburst interval. Furthermore, the results suggest that the gas pressure monitored by the sensors close to the outburst hole begins to drop first and lasts for the longest time. The outburst coal presents obvious fracture and pulverization damage characteristics, and the pulverization damage features of the coal near the outburst hole are more obvious. In addition, the improved outburst energy equation was established, and the rationality of the improved outburst energy equation was verified by using the outburst orthogonal simulation experimental data and the on-site outburst accident cases. The results of this experiment have important guiding significance for preventing and controlling the occurrence of coal and gas outbursts and ensuring safe and efficient mining of coal mines.

Experimental Study on the Determinant Factors and Energy Criterion of Coal and Gas Outbursts

Experimental and DEM analysis of granite multi-angle centrally single-cracked Brazilian disks (CSCBD) fracture behaviors

Citation network analysis of retractions in molecular biology field

Exploring perception of retraction based on mentioned status in post-retraction citations

As coal mines continue deep mining, the frequency of coal and rock dynamic disasters has also gradually increased. In this paper, dynamic tensile strength deformation, energy evolution, and crack development under an impact test were studied on Brazilian coal samples, using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device. A high-speed camera was adopted to capture the failure process of the coal specimens. The research results demonstrate that when the impact velocity is greater than 4.75 m/s, the dynamic tensile strength of the vertical bedding direction is higher than that of the parallel bedding direction of the coal samples. With the increase in the impact velocity, the dynamic strain and ultimate strain rate of two types of coal samples are increased, and the average value of the first and second dynamic deformation moduli of coal samples shows decreasing characteristics. As the incident energy increases, the sum of reflected and transmitted energy increases, and the absorbed energy also increases in the two types of coal samples. The two types of Brazilian disc coal samples mainly showed tensile and shear failure characteristics. The dynamic tensile deformation characteristics of the two types of coal specimens are less affected by the impact angles. However, the crack propagation of coal samples was mainly influenced by the impact angles. The test results can be used for the prediction of coal and rock outburst in deep underground coal excavation.

Experimental Study on the Dynamic Tensile Characteristics of Coal Samples

Dynamic compressive parameters of coal specimens were driven not only by impact velocities, but also by preloaded confining pressure, and impact loading methods. This paper investigates the influences of dynamic parameters based on the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental data obtained from the dynamic compressive impact tests on 12 coal specimens under four different impact velocity. The analysis of the experimental results confirmed that with an increase of dynamic velocity, and then the dynamic compressive strength is constantly increases. When the dynamic velocity is 8.10 m/s, and then reacheed the maximum dynamic strength of 25.11 MPa of the coal specimen. Furthermore, the dynamic velocity of 8.10 m/s was defined as the threshold value of the dynamic strength increased. The greater of dynamic velocity, the higher degree of fragmentation of the coal specimens. The transmitted energy, reflected energy, and absorbed energy of coal specimens shows a directly proportional relationship with the incident energy. The results highlight the first and second dynamic deformation moduli can clearly explained the deformation laws of elastic and plastic stages of the coal specimens. It is also found that the maximum of strain rate is 177.28 s−1 and the maximum ultimate strain is 2.47 × 10−2of the coal specimens. The research results were beneficial to supplement the coal-rock dynamics theory, thus also providing a direction for safety and effective mining and crushing in coal mines. 

Effects of dynamic velocity on the dynamic compressive mechanical properties and energy evolution of coal specimens

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Papers

Experimental Study on the Determinant Factors and Energy Criterion of Coal and Gas Outbursts

Exploring perception of retraction based on mentioned status in post-retraction citations

Experimental Study on the Dynamic Tensile Characteristics of Coal Samples

Effects of dynamic velocity on the dynamic compressive mechanical properties and energy evolution of coal specimens