A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

Supercontinuum generation, photonic crystal fiber

2D Layered Materials: Synthesis, Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Device Applications

In this paper, we review the developments of crystalline Raman lasers over the past five years. Average powers exceeding 5 W and pulse energies above 1 J in the near infrared have been demonstrated for larger scale devices. There has been a rapid development of all-solid-state sources based on the standard diode-pumped lasers, especially intracavity crystalline Raman lasers, which offer wavelength versatility at high conversion efficiencies (overall diode Stokes optical conversion efficiencies up to 17%) in the near infrared, including the 1.5- mum eye-safe band. Passively Q-switched intracavity Raman lasers based on self-Raman laser materials offer many advantages for miniaturization of short-pulse (1 ns) sources. Intracavity frequency-doubled crystalline Raman lasers have also emerged as practical and versatile sources in the yellow orange region at 1-W power levels with diode-visible efficiencies near 10%. Recent developments of all-solid-state continuous-wave (CW) intracavity crystalline Raman lasers offer many possibilities for the future: intracavity frequency doubling has already resulted in the demonstration of CW visible sources with powers approaching 1 W at 5% diode-visible efficiency.

Crystalline Raman lasers

Full characterization of the sensitivity of the LPFG is a precursor to practical device design, and knowledge of the sensitivity of the Long-period fiber gratings to the parameters of its physical environment processed is clearly important. We present a theoretical and experimental investigation into the sensitivity of long-period fiber gratings as a function of processed parameters by high-frequency CO 2 laser pulses.

Sensitivity characteristics of long-period fiber gratings

Tin diselenide (SnSe2 ) nanosheets as novel 2D layered materials have excellent optical properties with many promising application prospects, such as photoelectric detectors, nonlinear optics, infrared photoelectric devices, and ultrafast photonics. Among them, ultrafast photonics has attracted much attention due to its enormous advantages; for instance, extremely fast pulse, strong peak power, and narrow bandwidth. In this work, SnSe2 nanosheets are fabricated by using solvothermal treatment, and the characteristics of SnSe2 are systemically investigated. In addition, the solution of SnSe2 nanosheets is successfully prepared as a fiber-based saturable absorber by utilizing the evanescent field effect, which can bear a high pump power. 31st-order subpicosecond harmonic mode locking is generated in an Er-doped fiber laser, corresponding to the maximum repetition rate of 257.3 MHz and pulse duration of 887 fs. The results show that SnSe2 can be used as an excellent nonlinear photonic device in many fields, such as frequency comb, lasers, photodetectors, etc.

SnSe2 Nanosheets for Subpicosecond Harmonic Mode-Locked Pulse Generation.

Temperature and index insensitive strain sensor based on a photonic crystal fiber in line Mach–Zehnder interferometer

A one-dimensional micro-bending vector sensor based on two-mode interference has been introduced. This device was fabricated by lateral offset splicing a piece of six-air-hole grapefruit microstructure fiber (GMF) with single mode fiber (SMF). Variation of effective mode index occurred by micro-bending was investigated in simulation and experiment. This device exhibits micro-bending sensitivities of 0.441 nm/m−1 and −0.754 nm/m−1 at 0° and 180° bending orientations, respectively. Moreover, this sensor is immune to surrounding refractive index (SRI) and presents a low crosstalk of temperature.

Micro-bending vector sensor based on six-air-hole grapefruit microstructure fiber using lateral offset splicing

We demonstrate a novel and compact fiber-probe pressure sensor based on a micro-Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI). The device is fabricated by splicing both ends of a short-section simplified hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (SHC-PCF) with single-mode fibers. Then, a microchannel is drilled by a femtosecond laser micromachining in the SHC-PCF to allow air to diffuse in. The pressure sensing mechanism is based on the dependence of the air refractive index on pressure. We use both theory and experiment to investigate the sensing characteristics. A micro-FPI with a length of 272 μm demonstrates a pressure sensitivity of 4.071 nm/MPa at 1580 nm and a low-temperature sensitivity of 1.1 pm/°C at atmospheric pressure. We further study the temperature cross sensitivity of the sensor under different pressures. The sensor also shows strong stability and good reversibility, and may be potentially used in pressure sensing applications.

Enhancing the pressure sensitivity of a Fabry–Perot interferometer using a simplified hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with a microchannel

We report a high-power laser-diode-array end-pumped 0.3 at. % Nd:GdVO4 continuous-wave laser operating at 1.34 μm. The maximum output power of 13.3 W was obtained at the incident pump power of 49.2 W, giving the corresponding optical conversion efficiency of 27% and the average slope efficiency of 28.5%. The thermal focal length of the Nd:GdVO4 crystal under the pump power from 15.3 to 50 W was measured experimentally.

A 13.3-W laser-diode-array end-pumped Nd:GdVO4 continuous-wave laser at 1.34 μm

We report a high-power diode-end-pumped Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 red laser through intracavity frequency-doubling with a type-I critical phase-matched LBO crystal. The maximum average output power at 671 nm was obtained to be 6 W at the repetition frequency of 47 kHz, with the corresponding optical conversion efficiency of 12.8% and the pulse width of about 97 ns. At the average output power around 5 W, the power stability was better than 5.8% for one hour.

6-W diode-end-pumped Nd:GdVO4/LBO quasi-continuous-wave red laser at 671 nm.

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