Reliability of modern power systems, in particular those use wind and solar energies, is affected by the relatively short lifetime of the associated power electronic converters (PECs). Thermal stress has been identified as one of the commonest causes for failures in PECs. However, existing thermal monitoring systems are expensive, bulky and with no intelligent capabilities, which limit their full acceptance as monitoring and control tools in operational power plants. This work presents autonomous and inexpensive microcontroller-based system for monitoring and predicting thermal behaviour of switching devices used in PECs. System’s inputs are non-intrusively measured voltages and currents drawn by those devices while in operation. The developed system also determines lifetime consumption and has the ability to communicate with external monitoring and control systems e.g. supervisory, control and data acquisition (SCADA) platforms. The performance of the developed system was critically assessed and compared with high-resolution thermal imaging camera. Good agreement between both systems was achieved and the inexpensive developed system was found to have an accuracy of 95%.

Smart sensing system for enhanceing the reliability of power electronic devices used in wind turbines

Several techniques for estimating power losses in insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), diodes and MOSFETs are known. Most of the approaches in the literature deal with PWM switching technique. In this paper presents a feasible loss model to estimate IGBT losses in a switching operation. The loss model is coupled to RC (Foster) Network using the Thermal Impedance. This paper investigates the power losses in IGBT's and associated Diodes as a function of the circuit and the temperature variation during operation. A full presentation of the electro-thermal model has been developed and simulated.

Calculation of IGBT power losses and junction temperature in inverter drive

Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been increasingly selected as a microfabrication route for efficient, cost-effective, high-resolution material synthesis and conversion. Concurrently, lasers participate in the patterning and assembly of functional geometries in several fields of application, of which electronics stand out. In this review, we survey and outline recent advances and strategies based on DLW for electronics microfabrication, based on laser material growth strategies. First, we summarize the main DLW parameters influencing material synthesis and transformation mechanisms, aimed at selective, tailored writing of conductive and semiconducting materials. Additive and transformative DLW processing mechanisms are discussed, to open space to explore several categories of materials directly synthesized or transformed for electronics microfabrication. These include metallic conductors, metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides and carbides, laser-induced graphene, and their mixtures. By accessing a wide range of material types, DLW-based electronic applications are explored, including processing components, energy harvesting and storage, sensing, and bioelectronics. The expanded capability of lasers to participate in multiple fabrication steps at different implementation levels, from material engineering to device processing, indicates their future applicability to next-generation electronics, where more accessible, green microfabrication approaches integrate lasers as comprehensive tools. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 

Direct Laser Writing: From Materials Synthesis and Conversion to Electronic Device Processing.

This paper proposes a dynamic state-of-charge (SOC) balance control strategy for the modular super capacitor energy storage system (ESS). The strategy takes SOC information as the droop variable and introduces the SOC of each module into its independent current closed loop by inverse droop control, so that the system can adjust the average operating current of each sub-module according to its SOC in the system dynamic charging and discharging process. Moreover, a concise unified current compensation method is proposed to minimize system current deviation caused by the balance algorithm. Compared with the traditional control strategies, the proposed strategy does not need to exchange SOC information between sub-modules, thus effectively reduces system communication data. In addition, the proposed strategy not only has favorable voltage control ability and stability, but also has a concise control structure. The proposed balance control strategy can further improve the modularity and reliability of the modular ESS, which is helpful to promote the application of the system in medium and high voltage applications.

/pdf/dynamic-soc-balance-strategy-for-modular-energy-storage-2ewian5j4k.pdf

Dynamic SOC Balance Strategy for Modular Energy Storage System Based on Adaptive Droop Control

Marine oil spills have become a major global environmental challenge, yet there remains a lack of effective and environmentally friendly strategies for the remediation of water contaminated with high-viscosity oil. In this study, we introduce a superhydrophobic oleophilic material with photothermal properties for efficient absorption of viscous oil. Femtosecond laser treatment methodology is applied to cork (FSLA-cork), which exhibits not only superior hydrophobic and oleophilic properties but also the exceptional ability to be rapidly heated from ambient conditions to 58 °C in 10 s under 1.8 solar irradiation. Under solar irradiance, the FSLA-cork adsorbent functions synergistically by capillary absorption and centrifugal pumping. At one-sun intensity, an oil absorption rate of 4.02 g cm−2 within 200 s was observed. The high adsorption rates of FSLA-cork combined with the high availability of the raw material and its eco-friendly fabrication methods indicate that such methods and materials can be utilized for large-scale clean up of aqueous environments contaminated with high-viscosity oils.

Femtosecond laser structured black superhydrophobic cork for efficient solar-driven cleanup of crude oil

This paper proposes an improved method to describe power losses in IGBT converters. This method includes dependency of voltage, current and temperature, and it could be fast and accurate. Since the relative higher converter dissipation is one of the main barriers in high power applications, it is further compared the MVA rated three-phase IGBT converter's loss rates under different operating frequency, then discusses the suitable SPWM frequency for high power applications.

A Power Loss Calculation Method of IGBT Three-Phase SPWM Converter

Paper-based wearable sensors have gained significant attention in sweat analysis due to their widespread availability, comfortable wearability, and hygroscopic behavior. However, integrating functional components such as the conducting polymers in one sensor to realize the simultaneous and on-demand detection for the physical and chemical indexes compromises their stable performance under operation due to mismatch among various functional parts. We report a stable, multifunctional, and scalable paper-based flexible sensing platform for improved performance for in-situ sweat stimulating and analyzing of sweat as well as the monitoring of body motion. The welded honeycomb structure of composite paper formed in direct laser writing can provide a reversible and precise response in resistance during bending. The internal confined space containing the bacterial cellulose can induce an electrostatic enrichment of hydrogen ions in sweat, thus enhancing the pH-sensing sensitivity (68 mV pH-1). This spatial separating design for the two detections can further isolate the interfering, thus enabling the simultaneous and highly sensitive analysis of pH and movement. In addition, the controlled joule heating effect and the nano-fluid channels of the papers can help generate and rapidly transfer the sweat, further facilitating an on-demand and rapid responsive detection. 

Multifunctional flexible graphene oxide/bacterial cellulose composite paper platforms for realtime monitoring sweat and strain in wearable devices

Paper offers the potential as a sustainable substrate for electronics, yet a key remaining challenge is patterning. While most demonstration studies pattern by printing conducting inks onto cellulose, we adapt conventional paper making to create a stable non-conducting composite of graphene oxide (GO; 30%) and cellulose (70%) and then pattern this composite using wet laser writing. Specifically, the GO/cellulose composite is as follows: soaked in a HAuCl4 solution; laser patterned to simultaneously reduce GO (rGO) and generate metallic gold seeds (typical writing speed 20 s·cm–2); and then incubated (30 min) in HAuCl4 solution to “grow” gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the pre-seeded patterned region. Various methods demonstrate that laser patterning induces spatially selective chemical changes in the composite. Functionally, the patterned region (Au NPs/rGO/cellulose) shows a 200-fold increase in conductivity (1362 S m–1) compared to the unpatterned region (GO/cellulose). As a simple demonstration, we fabricated patterned composite paper electrodes and demonstrate excellent electrochemical sensing performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and repeatability. We envision that laser patterning of composite paper offers unprecedented opportunities for scalable manufacturing because conventional papermaking can generate the stable substrate and laser patterning can be extended from serial writing to parallel photolithographic methods common in electronics fabrication. 

Fabrication of Robust Paper-Based Electronics by Adapting Conventional Paper Making and Coupling with Wet Laser Writing

The invention belongs to the field of power electrons and power systems and particularly relates to an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) series valve trigger monitoring system and a communication method thereof. The monitoring system comprises valve-base electronic equipment (VBE) and an IGBT driving unit which are connected with each other through an optical fiber, wherein the IGBT driving unit is electrically connected with an IGBT. A trigger signal and state return signal communication method is supplied between the VBE and the IGBT driving unit of the monitoring system. In the method, the optical fiber is used as a communication medium, so the communication reliability is guaranteed; furthermore, a trigger signal and a state return signal can be transmitted only by two optical fibers through a certain encoding mode, so that the communication efficiency is improved, the communication loss is reduced, the minimum number of connected circuits is guaranteed, and the optical fiber cost is reduced.

Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) series valve trigger monitoring system and communication method thereof

The invention provides a series circuit based on the inverse parallel of an insulated gate bi-polar transistor (IGBT) and a silicon carbide (SiC) avalanche diode; the series circuit (1) comprises an IGBT (2) and the corresponding SiC avalanche diode (3) which are serially connected; and the IGBT (2) is in inverse parallel with the corresponding SiC avalanche diode (3). According to a series structure based on the inverse parallel of the IGBT and the SiC avalanche diode, the overvoltage suppression measures of the SiC avalanche diode to the IGBT prevent the use of complicated gate driving control and dv/dt control in a plurality of IGBT series, so that the cost is reduced on the premise that the safety and the reliability of the device are not reduced.

Series circuit based on inverse parallel of insulated gate bi-polar transistor (IGBT) and silicon carbide (SiC) avalanche diode

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