This review focuses on recently proposed photocatalyst designs for maximizing the efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers to improve the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts. These designs include doping with metal and non-metal ions, surface grafting, noble metal deposition, dye sensitization, and heterostructure fabrication. In addition, this review thoroughly examines all the prominent parameters that can influence the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts. Furthermore, this review summarizes the energy-band structures of photocatalysts that are suitable for both O2 reduction and the oxidation of surface H2O molecules to generate reactive oxygen species. Lastly, we discuss future trends in the development of photocatalysts for environmental applications. 

State-of-the-art review on photocatalysis for efficient wastewater treatment: Attractive approach in photocatalyst design and parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation

The field of materials science and engineering is advancing rapidly, leading to the integration of novel discoveries from diverse areas into a central hub of multifunctional materials, especially at the nanoscale. Emerging fields of research include the exploration of advanced multifunctional with innovative materials and structures, as well as the investigation of the interplay between structure, properties, and performance. By combining covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) with layered 2D MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx and V2CTx, researchers have the potential to create materials with improved chemical stability, electrical conductivity, and pore nature, expanding their potential for a range of emerging applications. This review delves into the surface chemistry and challenges faced by MXenes and the topology design of COFs, focusing on their multi-functionality. It also highlights recent progress in rapidly evolving MXene@COF materials and their diverse applications, including lithium‑sulfur ion and zinc-air batteries, supercapacitors, electrochemical biosensors, efficient photocatalysis, and corrosion protective coatings, as well as explores potential future directions in this field. 

Multifunctional covalent-organic frameworks (COFs)-2D MXenes composites for diverse applications

New advanced materials' potential as sorbents during the sample preparation process has recently been highlighted by developments in contemporary analytical chemistry applications. The tunable compositions of advanced materials in combination with the variety of possible surface modifications, provide excellent potential for developing sample preparation techniques for different analytes. Advanced materials have been shown to give higher pre-concentration factors, which improves analytical sensitivity and selectivity to target specific analytes in a variety of matrices. The size of pores, surface area, the stability in thermal and chemical, physical and chemical properties of the sorbent material are crucial for their efficiency as extraction phase. Recent developments in the design and use of advanced materials as an extraction phase in sample preparation will be highlighted in this review, which influences their performance as an extraction phase for analytical sample preparation. We cover a broad range of materials including metal/metal oxide nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, ionic liquids, carbon-based nanomaterials, layered double hydroxides, covalent-organic frameworks, metal–orgaّnic frameworks, polyoxometalates, MXenes, nanofibers, aptamers, conductive polymers, molecularly imprinted materials, restricted access materials, immunosorbent and natural materials. Future applications and challenges associated with the development of new sorbents for analytical applications will be also highlighted. 

Advanced materials in sorbent-based analytical sample preparation

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a green, environmentally friendly, and efficient technique for sample pre-treatment. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of porous materials formed by covalent bonds, have gained prominence owing to their remarkable attributes, including large specific surface area, tunable pore size, and robust thermal/chemical stability. These characteristics have made COFs highly appealing as potential coatings for SPME fiber over the past decades. In this review, various methods used to prepare SPME coatings based on COFs are presented. These methods encompass physical adhesion, sol-gel processes, in situ growth, and chemical cross-linking strategies. In addition, the applications of COF-based SPME coating fibers for the preconcentration of various targets in environmental, food, and biological samples are summarized. Moreover, not only their advantages but also the challenges they pose in practical applications are highlighted. By shedding light on these aspects, this review aims to contribute to the continued development and utilization of COF materials in the field of sample pretreatment. 

Recent progress of covalent organic frameworks as attractive materials for solid-phase microextraction: A review

Food safety is a significant focus social concern around the world. Detecting food contaminants is crucial for controlling and reducing the risks they pose to human health and food safety. Thus, the accurate and sensitive technology for detecting harmful substances is of paramount importance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are easily tunable and versatile, and selective adsorption of specific hazardous substances by modulating their structure and chemical composition. This review describes the functional modification engineering MOFs for hazardous substances detection in food. Various synthetic strategies for functional modification MOFs with different morphologies are described, including electrochemical synthesis, hydrothermal/solvothermal and microwave heating methods. The progress of functional modification MOFs for food harmful substances detection in the areas of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, heavy metal ions and fungus is overviewed. Challenges and future perspectives of multifunctional MOFs in food safety monitoring are also discussed. Functional modification MOFs showed excellent performance in the detection of contaminants with the advantages of efficient enrichment of target harmful substances and improvement of the sensitivity and accuracy of detection. Therefore, functional modification MOFs is expected to be an efficient, reliable and economical food safety detection tool for food safety applications. 

Functional modification engineering of metal–organic frameworks for the contaminants detection in food

Covalent organic framework@Ti3C2Tx composite as solid phase microextraction coating for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey samples.

Metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth for electric field enhanced thin film microextraction of sulfonamides in animal-derived food.

Development of novel functional materials for effective isomer separation is of great significance in environmental science, chemical industry, and life science due to the different functions of isomers. However, the similar physicochemical properties of isomers make their separation greatly challenging. Here, we report the fabrication of trifluoromethyl-functionalized 2D covalent organic framework (COF) TpTFMB with 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) and 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) for the separation of isomers. TpTFMB was in situ-grown on the inner surface of a capillary for the high-resolution separation of isomers. The introduction of hydroxyl and trifluoromethyl functional groups with uniform distribution in 2D COFs is a powerful tactic to endow TpTFMB with various functions such as hydrogen bonding, dipole interaction, and steric effect. The prepared TpTFMB capillary column enabled the baseline separation of positional isomers such as ethylbenzene and xylene, chlorotoluene, carbon chain isomers such as butylbenzene and ethyl butanoate, and cis-trans isomers 1,3-dichloropropene. The hydrogen-bonding, dipole, and π-π interactions as well as the structure of COF significantly contribute to the isomer separation. This work provides a new strategy for designing functional 2D COFs for the efficient separation of isomers.

Trifluoromethyl-Functionalized 2D Covalent Organic Framework for High-Resolution Separation of Isomers.

Electrochemical oxidation diminished toxicity of zearalenone significantly, while reduction increased.

Paper-based analytical device coupled with Bi-MOF: Electric field amplification and fluorescence sensing of glyphosate.

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