https://titania.ctie.monash.edu/papers/vhd-survey-comp-networks-2010.pdf

A survey of vertical handover decision algorithms in Fourth Generation heterogeneous wireless networks

Wireless networks are passing through a transition phase for the past few years now and this transition is giving a way towards the convergence of all IP-based networks to form the Next Generation Networks (NGNs). With the proliferation of these networks in daily life, users' needs are also increasing and service operators are offering different services to satisfy their customers for a better grade of service and an elevated quality of experience (QoE). However, a single operator cannot fulfill the huge demands of the users especially, if a user is nomadic. In nomadism, a user traverses number of available networks that might contain cellular or wireless data networks, usually known as heterogeneous wireless networks. These networks offer various services from email to live video streaming depending upon their capacity and nature. During this traversing procedure, a user switches among different networks to satisfy his/her needs in terms of quality of service. This process is commonly known as a vertical handover or handoff (VHO) due to the involvement of heterogeneous wireless networks in it. An extensive work has been carried out in this field in order to fulfill user demands for better QoS and QoE. In this paper, we give a detailed state-of-the-art of these existing vertical handover decision mechanisms that aim at providing ubiquitous connectivity to the mobile users. We have categorized these vertical handover measurement and decision schemes on the basis of their employed techniques and parameters. Also, we present a comprehensive summary of their advantages and drawbacks. This paper gives its readers an overview of the active research initiatives in the area of handover decision making process in heterogeneous wireless networks and identifies the challenges behind the seamless services provisioning during mobility.

Enabling Vertical Handover Decisions in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks: A State-of-the-Art and A Classification

Horizontal and vertical handoffs are important ramifications of user mobility in multitier heterogeneous wireless networks. They directly impact the signaling overhead and quality of calls. However, they are difficult to analyze due to the irregularly shaped network topologies introduced by multiple tiers of cells. In this paper, a stochastic geometric analysis framework on user mobility is proposed, to capture the spatial randomness and various scales of cell sizes in different tiers. We derive theoretical expressions for the rates of all handoff types experienced by an active user with arbitrary movement trajectory. Furthermore, noting that the data rate of a user depends on the set of cell tiers that it is willing to use, we provide guidelines for optimal tier selection under various user velocities, taking both the handoff rates and the data rate into consideration. Empirical studies using user mobility trace data and extensive simulation are conducted, demonstrating the correctness and usefulness of our analysis.

Stochastic Geometric Analysis of User Mobility in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Recently, the mobile relay technique has been discussed to support communication services for Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) high-speed rail networks. In the network, there are several mobile relays in a train. User equipment (UE) devices connect to in-car mobile relays instead of outside evolved NodeBs (eNBs). Mobile relays establish backhaul links with the serving donor eNBs (DeNBs) and coordinate control and data flows for UE devices. Since the train travels in high speed, mobile relays suffer from frequent handovers between DeNBs. We observe that the defined handover procedures in LTE-A specifications may incur message overhead and lengthen handover time. In this paper, we propose an enhanced handover scheme, which contains two procedures. The first procedure is an enhanced measurement procedure, which can accelerate the measurement procedure when the mobile relay knows that the train is moving toward some neighbor DeNBs. The second procedure is a group in-network handover procedure, which can aggregate similar in network handover procedures in the core network. Performance evaluations indicate that our design can conserve both time and messages when handover.

An Enhanced Handover Scheme for Mobile Relays in LTE-A High-Speed Rail Networks

Satellites have largely been designed as application-specific and isolated for the past decades. Though with certain benefits, it might lead to resource under utilization and limited satellite applications. As an emerging networking technology, software-defined networking has recently been introduced into satellite networks. In this letter, we propose a software-defined satellite networking (SDSN) architecture, which simplifies networking among versatile satellites and enables new protocols to be easily tested and deployed. In particualr, we propose a seamless handover mechanism based on SDSN and conduct physical layer simulation, which shows significant improvement over the existing hard handover and hybrid handover mechanisms in terms of handover latency, throughput, and quality of experience of users.

/pdf/seamless-handover-in-software-defined-satellite-networking-f84xtxwm8k.pdf

Seamless Handover in Software-Defined Satellite Networking

Although there are various wireless access network technologies with different characteristics and performance level have been developed, no single network that can satisfy the anytime, anywhere, and any service wireless access needs of mobile users. A truly seamless mobile environment can only be realized by considering vertical and horizontal handoffs together. With the advantages of Mobile IPv6, a more comprehensive and integrated framework of heterogeneous networks can be developed. In this paper, we discuss the issues related to handoffs including horizontal and vertical handoffs. We present a scheme for integrating wireless local area network and wide area access networks, and propose a micromobility management method called HiMIPv6+. We also propose a QoS-based (quality-of-service-based) vertical handoff scheme and algorithm that consider wireless network transport capacity and user service requirement. Our prototype evaluations and the simulations show that our framework performs as expected.

A framework of handoffs in wireless overlay networks based on mobile IPv6

High-speed rail systems are becoming increasingly popular among long-distance travelers. With the explosive growth in the number of mobile devices, the provision of high-quality telecommunication and Internet access services on high-speed trains is now a pressing problem. Network mobility (NEMO) has been proposed to enable a large number of mobile devices on a vehicle to access the Internet; however, several issues must be solved before it can be put into practice, e.g., frequent handovers, long handover latency, and poor quality of service. To resolve these problems, we propose an LTE femtocell-based network mobility scheme that uses multiple egress network interfaces to support seamless handover for high-speed rail systems called MEN-NEMO. The results of simulations show that the proposed MEN-NEMO scheme reduces the handover latency and transmission overhead of handover signaling substantially.

/pdf/seamless-handover-for-high-speed-trains-using-femtocell-3wctk1mola.pdf

Seamless Handover for High-Speed Trains Using Femtocell-Based Multiple Egress Network Interfaces

The evolution of wireless access technologies has led to a new era of mobile Internet for high-velocity vehicles. Network mobility is particularly suitable for vehicles because it considers the mobility of an entire network. Vehicles perform handover frequently thus efficient handover is essential to meet the QoS requirements for real-time communications. For high-velocity vehicles, the time constraint is even stricter and the Doppler Effect increases the transmission error rate that both add challenges in mobility management. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer hierarchical network mobility framework called Hi-NEMO for all-IP networks. The advantage of Hi-NEMO is no extra triangular route between a mobile network node and the correspondent node. The design is resilient to error-prone transmission, and protocol-supports fast QoS provisioning in the network mobility service domain. Intensive simulation results demonstrate that Hi-NEMO reduces handover latency as well as packet loss, and supports handover requirements in high-velocity vehicles.

Protocol and architecture supports for network mobility with QoS-handover for high-velocity vehicles

Network mobility introduces a new communication paradigm that provides sets of mobile hosts (MH) moved collectively as a unit with high-mobility. Efficient network mobility handover design is essential to meet QoS requirements for real-time VoIP-like applications. IETF MIPv6-NEMO design has some problems and introduces extra overheads on packet header and tunnel processing, and added transmission delays due to additional routing legs. Inflexible execution sequence between tasks in MIPv6-NEMO causes negative effect on handover latency performance. In this work, we combine the designs of routing and resource allocation with network mobility management, and introduce the notion of foreign mobility agent in a hierarchical backhaul packet forwarding architecture, referred to as HiMIP-NEMO, to facilitate QoS-handovers and reduce latency and packet loss during handover. Under the architecture, a QoS-incorporated registration protocol and handover protocol with several new layers 2 and 3 message types are also proposed. Both the analytical and simulation results are presented. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed integrated designs in the support of QoS-handover and significant improvements in latency and packet loss performances.

http://ants.iis.sinica.edu.tw/3BkMJ9lTeWXTSrrvNoKNFDxRm3zFwRR/publications/19/04526063.pdf

HiMIP-NEMO: Combining Cross-Layer Network Mobility Management and Resource Allocation for Fast QoS-Handovers

The evolution of wireless access technologies has led to a new era of Mobile Internet. Network mobility, which considers the mobility of an entire network, is particularly suitable for mobile environments. Efficient network mobility QoS-handover design is essential to meet QoS requirements for real-time communication. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer hierarchical network mobility architecture and protocol, called HiMIP-NEMO, which is designed for all-IP networks. HiMIP-NEMO optimizes the routing between a mobile network node and the correspondent node, and supports fast QoS provisioning in the network mobility service domain. The simulation results demonstrate that Hi-MIP-NEMO reduces handover latency and packet loss, and supports high velocity vehicles.

http://ants.iis.sinica.edu.tw/3BkMJ9lTeWXTSrrvNoKNFDxRm3zFwRR/publications/19/08VINT-HiMIP-NEMO.pdf

A network mobility management scheme for fast QoS handover

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