Photocatalytic CO2 reduction into CH4 is an appealing approach to alleviate the current energy and environmental crisis; however, achieving high selectivity and conversion efficiency still remains challenging. The rational design of photocatalysts for CO2 adsorption and activation is thus crucial. Here, we designed and synthesized two redox-active truxene-based conjugated microporous polymers linked by thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole for metal-free photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4. Significantly, the optimized polymer with the extended π-conjugated system, denoted Tx-TzTz-CMP-2, presented a higher CH4 production rate of 300.6 μmol g–1 h–1 with a selectivity of 71.2% without any metal cocatalyst and photosensitizer, which outperformed most of the previously reported photocatalysts. Experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that introducing phenyl as a π-bridge extending electron delocalization of conjugated system might effectively minimize exciton binding energy, thereby boosting the intramolecular charge transfer and separation abilities. Meanwhile, the N-site of the thiazole unit acted as an electron reservoir and a catalytic center for activating the adsorbed CO2 and forming CH4 by subsequent hydrogenation. This work highlights the significance of the extended π-conjugated system in metal-free conjugated microporous polymers to improve the activity and selectivity of CO2 photoreduction to CH4. 

Extending the π-Conjugated System in Conjugated Microporous Polymers to Modulate Excitonic Effects for Metal-Free Selective CO2 Photoreduction to CH4

Rapid development of modern science and technology has prompted explosive growth of data volumes, especially the visual information, which brings heavy pressure on information processing and computation. The classic technical route to improve the computation power of image processing units by reducing the critical dimension of the transistors according to Moore's law gradually fails due to the physical limit of transistors’ footprint and the separated architectures. Inspired by human vision systems, retina-like photodetectors that mimic their spatial and temporal properties have attracted widespread attention. These developed architectures enable the early data processing in- or near-sensor, significantly reducing the computing power required in the back end. Herein, a comprehensive review on bioinspired photodetectors that possess the spatial and temporal properties of biological vision is provided. The properties of retina are summarized and presented first. Basic structure design and operation mechanism of those photodetectors with spatial properties of retina (including the distribution of receptive fields and the shape of the hemisphere) and temporal properties of retina (including the memory properties enabled learning and the light intensity adaptation) are reviewed thoroughly. Eventually, challenges and future perspectives are commented and provided to facilitate the rapid development of in- or near-sensor computing photodetectors. 

Progress in Bioinspired Photodetectors Design for Visual Information Processing

The atomically thin nature and exceptional electrical properties of 2D materials (2DMs) have garnered significant interest in circuit applications. Researchers have developed circuits based on wafer‐level 2DM fabrication and monolithic integration in the laboratory. Numerous studies have been conducted on discrete device processes; however, circuit manufacturing is a multifaceted and methodical engineering process that demands seamless integration of multiple procedures. Notably, the optimization of crucial processes holds paramount significance in achieving expected results. This review presents the existing research on process integration of 2DM devices and circuit applications. The selection of suitable 2DMs for circuit applications is outlined, considering their excellent theoretical properties and feasible high‐quality growth processes. Drawing on highly mature semiconductor manufacturing process, while incorporating customized key processes, 2DM devices have the potential to strongly compete with, and even outperform, the conventional devices. Finally, the recent circuit applications of 2DMs are also discussed in detail. 2DM integrated circuits (2DM ICs) are now being practically applied in advanced manufacturing, transitioning from laboratory development to fabrication plant deployment. The implementation of underlying 2DM IC fabrication provides effective and unique solutions for More Moore, More than Moore, and Beyond CMOS technology routes.

Two‐Dimensional Semiconductors: From Device Processing to Circuit Integration

Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuNPs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them highly promising for biomedical applications. This review discusses the application of CuNPs in biomedicine, including diagnosis, therapy, and theranostics. Recent synthesis methods, with an emphasis on green approaches, are described, and the latest techniques for nanoparticle characterization are critically analyzed. CuNPs, including Cu2O, CuO, and Cu, have significant potential as anti-cancer agents, drug delivery systems, and photodynamic therapy enhancers, among other applications. While challenges such as ensuring biocompatibility and stability must be addressed, the state-of-the-art research reviewed here provides strong evidence for the efficacy and versatility of CuNPs. These multifunctional properties have been extensively researched and documented, showcasing the immense potential of CuNPs in biomedicine. Overall, the evidence suggests that CuNPs are a promising avenue for future research and development in biomedicine. We strongly support further progress in the development of synthesis and application strategies to enhance the effectiveness and safety of CuNPs for clinical purposes. 

Promising biomedical systems based on copper nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and applications.

Neuromorphic computing systems, which mimic the operation of neurons and synapses in the human brain, are seen as an appealing next-generation computing method due to their strong and efficient computing abilities. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with dangling bond-free surfaces and atomic-level thicknesses have emerged as promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware. As a result, 2D neuromorphic devices may provide an ideal platform for developing multifunctional neuromorphic applications. Here, we review the recent neuromorphic devices based on 2D material and their multifunctional applications. The synthesis and next micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures are first introduced. The recent advances of neuromorphic 2D devices are discussed in detail using different operating principles. More importantly, we present a review of emerging multifunctional neuromorphic applications, including neuromorphic visual, auditory, tactile, and nociceptive systems based on 2D devices. In the end, we discuss the problems and methods for 2D neuromorphic device developments in the future. This paper will give insights into designing 2D neuromorphic devices and applying them to the future neuromorphic systems.

2D Multifunctional Devices: from Material Preparation to Device Fabrication and Neuromorphic Applications

Chromatic adaptation refers to the sensing and preprocessing of the spectral composition of incident light on the retina, and it is important for color‐image recognition. It is challenging to apply sensing, memory, and processing functions to color images via the same physical process using the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology because of redundant data detection, complicated signal conversion processes, and the requirement for additional memory modules. Inspired by the highly efficient chromatic adaptation of the human retina, a 2D oxygen‐mediated platinum diselenide (PtSe2) device is presented to simultaneously apply sensing, memory, and processing functions to color images. The device exhibits a wavelength‐dependent bipolar photoresponse and the linear pulse‐number dependence of photoconductivity, which is dominated by the photon‐mediated physical adsorption and desorption of oxygen molecules on bilayer PtSe2. The proposed retinomorphic device shows superior image classification accuracy (over 90%) compared to an independent pseudocolor channel (less than 75%). Hence, it is promising for developing artificial vision perception systems with reduced architectural complexity.

A Bioinspired Retinomorphic Device for Spontaneous Chromatic Adaptation

The neuromorphic vision system (NVS) equipped with optoelectronic synapses integrates perception, storage, and processing and is expected to address the issues of traditional machine vision. However, owing to their lack of stereo vision, existing NVSs focus on 2D image processing, which makes it difficult to solve problems such as spatial cognition errors and low-precision interpretation. Consequently, inspired by the human visual system, an NVS with stereo vision is developed to achieve 3D object recognition, depending on the prepared ReS2 optoelectronic synapse with 12.12 fJ ultralow power consumption. This device exhibits excellent optical synaptic plasticity derived from the persistent photoconductivity effect. As the cornerstone for 3D vision, color planar information is successfully discriminated and stored in situ at the sensor end, benefiting from its wavelength-dependent plasticity in the visible region. Importantly, the dependence of the channel conductance on the target distance is experimentally revealed, implying that the structure information on the object can be directly captured and stored by the synapse. The 3D image of the object is successfully reconstructed via fusion of its planar and depth images. Therefore, the proposed 3D-NVS based on ReS2 synapses for 3D objects achieves a recognition accuracy of 97.0%, which is much higher than that for 2D objects (32.6%), demonstrating its strong ability to prevent 2D-photo spoofing in applications such as face payment, entrance guard systems, and others.

Energy-Efficient ReS2-Based Optoelectronic Synapse for 3D Object Reconstruction and Recognition.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202270354

A Bioinspired Retinomorphic Device for Spontaneous Chromatic Adaptation (Adv. Mater. 51/2022)

Bioinspired activation of silent synapses in layered materials for extensible neuromorphic computing

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A Bioinspired Retinomorphic Device for Spontaneous Chromatic Adaptation

Energy-Efficient ReS2-Based Optoelectronic Synapse for 3D Object Reconstruction and Recognition.

A Bioinspired Retinomorphic Device for Spontaneous Chromatic Adaptation (Adv. Mater. 51/2022)

Bioinspired activation of silent synapses in layered materials for extensible neuromorphic computing