The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an emerging communication ecosystem developed for connecting underwater objects in maritime and underwater environments. The IoUT technology is intricately linked with intelligent boats and ships, smart shores and oceans, automatic marine transportations, positioning and navigation, underwater exploration, disaster prediction and prevention, as well as with intelligent monitoring and security. The IoUT has an influence at various scales ranging from a small scientific observatory, to a mid-sized harbor, and to covering global oceanic trade. The network architecture of IoUT is intrinsically heterogeneous and should be sufficiently resilient to operate in harsh environments. This creates major challenges in terms of underwater communications, whilst relying on limited energy resources. Additionally, the volume, velocity, and variety of data produced by sensors, hydrophones, and cameras in IoUT is enormous, giving rise to the concept of Big Marine Data (BMD), which has its own processing challenges. Hence, conventional data processing techniques will falter, and bespoke Machine Learning (ML) solutions have to be employed for automatically learning the specific BMD behavior and features facilitating knowledge extraction and decision support. The motivation of this article is to comprehensively survey the IoUT, BMD, and their synthesis. It also aims for exploring the nexus of BMD with ML. We set out from underwater data collection and then discuss the family of IoUT data communication techniques with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art research challenges. We then review the suite of ML solutions suitable for BMD handling and analytics. We treat the subject deductively from an educational perspective, critically appraising the material surveyed. Accordingly, the reader will become familiar with the pivotal issues of IoUT and BMD processing, whilst gaining an insight into the state-of-the-art applications, tools, and techniques. Finally, we analyze the architectural challenges of the IoUT, followed by proposing a range of promising direction for research and innovation in the broad areas of IoUT and BMD. Our hope is to inspire researchers, engineers, data scientists, and governmental bodies to further progress the field, to develop new tools and techniques, as well as to make informed decisions and set regulations related to the maritime and underwater environments around the world.

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Internet of Underwater Things and Big Marine Data Analytics—A Comprehensive Survey

As a cross-cutting field between ocean development and multi-robot system (MRS), the underwater multi-robot system (UMRS) has gained increasing attention from researchers and engineers in recent decades. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of cooperation issues, one of the key components of UMRS, from the perspective of the emergence of new functions. More specifically, we categorize the cooperation in terms of task-space, motion-space, measurement-space, as well as their combination. Further, we analyze the architecture of UMRS from three aspects, i.e., the performance of the individual underwater robot, the new functions of underwater robots, and the technical approaches of MRS. To conclude, we have discussed related promising directions for future research. This survey provides valuable insight into the reasonable utilization of UMRS to attain diverse underwater tasks in complex ocean application scenarios.

A Survey of Underwater Multi-Robot Systems

A survey on energy efficiency in underwater wireless communications

Challenging environments comprise a range of scenarios, which share the fact that it is extremely difficult to establish a communication link using conventional technology due to many impairments typically associated with the propagation medium and increased signal scattering. Specifically, underwater and underground media are known to absorb electromagnetic radiation, which heavily affects the overall path loss. Industrial and disaster environments can be viewed as rich scattering environments with corresponding substantial multipath propagation leading to intersymbol interference and deterioration of signal quality. Although the challenges for the design of communication networks, and specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), in such environments are known, there is no common enabler or solution for all these applications. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have been introduced to improve the signal propagation characteristics by focusing the signal power in the preferred direction, thus making the communication environment ’smart’. While the usual application of RIS is related to blockage avoidance, the very same technique can be used to reduce the effect of multipath and even partially compensate the signal absorption via passive beamforming. Due to the beneficial properties of RIS, its use in challenging environments can become the aforementioned enabler and a game changing technology. However, various aspects of RIS deployment and system design need to be addressed in order to fully benefit from this technology. In this paper, we discuss potential use cases, deployment strategies and design aspects for RIS devices in underwater IoT, underground IoT as well as Industry 4.0 and emergency networks. Furthermore, we provide a potential hardware architecture and derive the expected signal quality improvements with increasing number of RIS elements. The numerical results reveal substantial performance gains of up to 20 dB per decade. In addition, novel research challenges to be addressed in this context are described.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Challenging Environments: Underwater, Underground, Industrial and Disaster

Towards the internet of underwater things: a comprehensive survey

Enabling underwater wireless communications to conveniently interconnect various underwater deployed devices for data transmission, information sharing, and networking is among the most crucial issues in marine information networks. Apart from the conventional acoustic, optical, and electromagnetic techniques, the magnetic induction (MI) communication, as a promising alternative, has drawn significant attentions recently due to its inherent advantages in predictable channel responses, negligible propagation delay, and competitive energy consumption. In this paper, we attempt to provide a comprehensive and in-depth survey of the existing research on underwater MI communications, classified as the four topics of channel modeling, reliability guarantee, range extension, and capacity enhancement, and present the state-of-the-art advances on each topic. Specifically, the approaches for channel modeling of underwater MI communications, including proposed channel models and involved basic theories, are first summarized. Then, the existing works on reliability guarantee are expounded following the evolution of antenna design from traditional single-directional to advanced multi-directional MI antennas. Furthermore, as to range extension, two typical categories of MI relaying techniques, i.e., the MI waveguide and the active relaying techniques, are reviewed in detail. In particular, the potential of a hybrid relay transmission scheme proposed by us through flexible combination of these two techniques in achieving both energy-efficient and long-range underwater transmission is also addressed in this part. Finally, the existing approaches on extending or reusing the available frequency bands to enhance the underwater MI channel capacity are elaborated. Challenges and open issues that need to be further investigated related to each of the four topics are also profoundly discussed and analyzed in each part.

A Survey of Underwater Magnetic Induction Communications: Fundamental Issues, Recent Advances, and Challenges

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A Survey of Underwater Magnetic Induction Communications: Fundamental Issues, Recent Advances, and Challenges