Ionic liquids (ILs) are a highly unique class of non-molecular solvents that possess melting points below 100 ºC.1 ILs that have melting points below room temperature are often referred to as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). ILs possess a wide variety of unique physico-chemical properties, including low or negligible vapor pressure at room temperature, high thermal and electrochemical stability, and high conductivity.2.

Advances of Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry.

For survival and quality of life, human society has sought more productive, precise, and sustainable agriculture. Agrochemistry, which solves farming issues in a chemical manner, is the core engine that drives the evolution of modern agriculture. To date, agrochemistry has utilized chemical technologies in the form of pesticides, fertilizers, veterinary drugs and various functional materials to meet fundamental demands from human society, while increasing the socio-ecological consequences due to inefficient use. Thus, more useful, precise, and designable scaffolding materials are required to support sustainable agrochemistry. Reticular chemistry, which weaves molecular units into frameworks, has been applied in many fields based on two cutting-edge porous framework materials, namely metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs). With flexibility in composition, structure, and pore chemistry, MOFs and COFs have shown increasing functionalities associated with agrochemistry in the last decade, potentially introducing reticular chemistry as a highly accessible chemical toolbox into agrochemical technologies. In this critical review, we will demonstrate how reticular chemistry shapes the future of agrochemistry in the fields of farm sensing, agro-ecological preservation and reutilization, agrochemical formulations, smart indoor farming, agrobiotechnology, and beyond.

Introducing reticular chemistry into agrochemistry.

Fabrication of iron oxide@MOF-808 as a sorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of benzoylurea insecticides in tea beverages and juice samples.

Solid phase extraction (SPE) is an analytical procedure developed with the purpose of separating a target analyte from a complex sample matrix prior to quantitative or qualitative determination. The purpose of such treatment is twofold: elimination of matrix constituents that could interfere with the detection process or even damage analytical equipment as well as enriching the analyte in the sample so that it is readily available for detection. Dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) is a recent development of the standard SPE technique that is attracting growing attention due to its remarkable simplicity, short extraction time and low requirement for solvent expenditure, accompanied by high effectiveness and wide applicability. This review aims to thoroughly survey recently conducted analytical studies focusing on methods utilizing novel, interesting nanomaterials as dSPE sorbents, as well as known materials that have been only recently successfully applied in dSPE techniques, and evaluate their performance and suitability based on comparison with previously reported analytical procedures.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/4869/pdf

Recent Materials Developed for Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction

A critical review of covalent organic frameworks-based sorbents in extraction methods.

Attapulgite modified with covalent organic frameworks as the sorbent in dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of pyrethroids in environmental water samples

Dispersive solid-phase extraction based on β-cyclodextrin grafted hyperbranched polymers for determination of pyrethroids in environmental water samples

In the present study, a convenient, low-cost, sensitive and environmentally friendly method for the determination of four benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) in water and tea beverage samples was developed. The alkalized luffa sponge fibers (AL) were modified by the ionic liquid 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C16MIM]Br) through physisorption and used as the sorbent of dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE). The sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The retained analytes were eluted using 200 μL of methanol and then quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UVD). The influences of extraction parameters of [C16MIM]Br-AL-DSPE on the BUs were thoroughly studied. Under the optimal conditions, good linearity was observed over the concentration range of 1–500 ng mL−1, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) of the developed method were 0.14–0.21 ng mL−1 in water and 0.19–0.23 ng mL−1 in tea beverage samples. Satisfactory recoveries were achieved in the range of 72.8–89.3%, with relative standard deviations lower than 10%. Finally, the established [C16MIM]Br-AL-DSPE-HPLC-UVD method was successfully applied for the determination of BU residues in environmental water and tea beverage samples.

Ionic liquid-modified luffa sponge fibers for dispersive solid-phase extraction of benzoylurea insecticides from water and tea beverage samples

Hyperbranched polytriazine functionalized with humic acid was prepared and developed as new sorbents for dispersive solid-phase extraction of three acaricides (clofentezine, fenpyroximate, and pyridaben) in tea samples combined with high-performance liquid chromatography detection. The sorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Zeta-potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The extraction parameters (extraction time, ionic strength, desorption conditions) were optimized. The adsorption mechanism was evaluated utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectra. Under optimum conditions, satisfactory analytical performances were achieved, which included high precision (1.33-9.62%), low limits of detection (0.19-3.54 µg/L), and wide linear range (2.5-500 µg/L) for the analysis of the acaricides. Moreover, the proposed method proved highly effective for the determination of acaricides in tea samples, with the relative recoveries in the range of 65.20-108.13% and relative standard deviations < 9.87%. The method has great application potential for the detection of acaricides in tea samples.

Humic acid functionalized hyperbranched polytriazine based dispersive solid-phase extraction for acaricides determination in tea matrix.

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Attapulgite modified with covalent organic frameworks as the sorbent in dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of pyrethroids in environmental water samples

Dispersive solid-phase extraction based on β-cyclodextrin grafted hyperbranched polymers for determination of pyrethroids in environmental water samples

Ionic liquid-modified luffa sponge fibers for dispersive solid-phase extraction of benzoylurea insecticides from water and tea beverage samples

Humic acid functionalized hyperbranched polytriazine based dispersive solid-phase extraction for acaricides determination in tea matrix.