Electrospun porous nanofibers have gained a lot of interest recently in various fields because of their adjustable porous structure, high specific surface area, and large number of active sites, which can further enhance the performance of materials. This paper provides an overview of the common polymers, preparation, and applications of electrospun porous nanofibers. Firstly, the polymers commonly used to construct porous structures and the main pore-forming methods in porous nanofibers by electrospinning, namely the template method and phase separation method, are introduced. Secondly, recent applications of electrospun porous nanofibers in air purification, water treatment, energy storage, biomedicine, food packaging, sensor, sound and wave absorption, flame retardant, and heat insulation are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and possible research directions for the future study of electrospun porous nanofibers are discussed.

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Recent Progress of the Preparation and Application of Electrospun Porous Nanofibers

Room-temperature ppb-level NO2 sensitivity of three-dimensional ordered macroporous Au-loaded SnO2 under intermittent UV light irradiation

This study accomplished the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of cubic WO3 nanocubes both in their pure form and doped with In (3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%). The morphological and microstructural features of these cubic nanoblocks were assessed using various techniques including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and BET analysis. Gas sensing tests were conducted on pure and In-doped WO3 cubic nanoblocks, using triethylamine (TEA) as the test gas. Among all tested samples, the 5% In-WO3 sensor showed the highest response to 50 ppm TEA (Ra/Rg = 11.2). The gas sensor additionally demonstrates rapid responses and recovery times, long-term stability, and outstanding selectivity, all of which are crucial for the construction of effective TEA gas sensors. The improvement of gas sensing performance may be due to the increase of oxygen vacancies and surface adsorbed oxygen after In-doping and the large specific surface area. 

Enhanced triethylamine sensing characteristics of In-doped WO3 cubic nanoblocks at low operating temperature

Rapid detection of low concentration toluene is highly desirable in environment monitoring, industrial processes, medical diagnosis, etc. In this study, we prepared Pt-loaded SnO2 monodispersed nanoparticles through hydrothermal method and assembled a sensor based on micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) to detect toluene. Compared with the pure SnO2, the 2.92 wt% Pt-loaded SnO2 sensor exhibits a 2.75 times higher gas sensitivity to toluene at about 330 °C. Meanwhile, the 2.92 wt% Pt-loaded SnO2 sensor also has a stable and good response to 100 ppb of toluene. Its theoretical detection limit is calculated as low as 12.6 ppb. Also, the sensor has a short response time of ∼10 s to different gas concentrations, as well as the excellent dynamic response—recovery characteristics, selectivity, and stability. The improved performance of Pt-loaded SnO2 sensor can be explained by the increase of oxygen vacancies and chemisorbed oxygen species. The electronic and chemical sensitization of Pt to SnO2-based sensor, together with small size and fast gas diffusion of the MEMS design ensured fast response and ultra-low toluene detection. This provides new ideas and decent prospect for developing miniaturized, low-power-consumption, and portable application of gas sensing devices.

Enhanced toluene gas-sensing properties of MEMS sensor based on Pt-loaded SnO2 nanoparticles

Ultrasensitive n-butanol gas sensor based on Bi2O3-In2O3 heterostructure

In this work, Au decorated In-doped SnO2 ([email protected]2O3-SnO2) porous nanotubes (PNTs) were fabricated via electrospinning and a subsequent calcination treatment. The In-doped SnO2 PNTs with various Au/Sn molar ratios possessed good ethanol sensing properties. As a result, the 3 % mol Au decorated In-doped SnO2 PNTs had high response to ethanol (Ra/Rg = 316.8–100 ppm) and can detect ethanol down to 50 ppb at a low working temperature of 150 °C. In addition, the gas sensor also had high selectivity, good reversibility and long-term stability. The enhanced sensing performance was mainly ascribed to the increase of oxygen vacancies, catalytic activity of Au nanocatalysts, and porous structures. The sensing results demonstrated that [email protected]2O3-SnO2 PNTs had the great potential for ethanol detecting, and provide a facile method for rationally designing other types of gas sensors. 

Enhanced ethanol-sensing characteristics of Au decorated In-doped SnO2 porous nanotubes at low working temperature

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Enhanced ethanol-sensing characteristics of Au decorated In-doped SnO2 porous nanotubes at low working temperature