Nonconventional luminophores devoid of remarkable conjugates have attracted considerable attention due to their unique luminescence behaviors, updated luminescence mechanism of organics and promising applications in optoelectronic, biological and medical fields. Unlike classic luminogens consisting of molecular segments with greatly extended electron delocalization, these unorthodox luminophores generally possess nonconjugated structures based on subgroups such as ether (–O–), hydroxyl (–OH), halogens, carbonyl (CO), carboxyl (–COOH), cyano (CN), thioether (–S–), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (OSO), phosphate, and aliphatic amine, as well as their grouped functionalities like amide, imide, anhydride and ureido. They can exhibit intriguing intrinsic luminescence, generally featuring concentration-enhanced emission, aggregation-induced emission, excitation-dependent luminescence and prevailing phosphorescence. Herein, we review the recent progress in exploring these nonconventional luminophores and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives. Notably, different mechanisms are reviewed and the clustering-triggered emission (CTE) mechanism is highlighted, which emphasizes the clustering of the above mentioned electron rich moieties and consequent electron delocalization along with conformation rigidification. The CTE mechanism seems widely applicable for diversified natural, synthetic and supramolecular systems.

Nonconventional luminophores: characteristics, advancements and perspectives.

One for all and all for one, hand in hand turns the light on. Clusterization-triggered emission (CTE) is a photophysical phenomenon that has attracted increased attention in recent years. Highly efficient luminescence based on through-space conjugation (TSC) can be obtained due to the clusterization of non-conventional chromophore-forming clusteroluminogens with extended electron delocalization and a rigid conformation. The CTE process makes it possible to generate highly efficient light emitters from a vast variety of non-conjugated molecules. It is anticipated that CTE may bring about a revolution in the design of advanced functional luminescent materials in the future. In this review, we systematically summarize the current status of CTE studies, aiming at analysing the future development trends in this field. The following issues are discussed: (1) TSC hypothesis and experimental confirmation; (2) characteristics of CTE, including concentration-enhanced luminescence, excitation wavelength-dependent emission, room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and polarization-enhanced luminescence; (3) typical examples of CTE systems, including biomacromolecules, multicolor luminescent polymers and organic–inorganic hybrid materials; and (4) applications of the CTE effect, including optical anti-counterfeiting, white LED materials, bioimaging, and molecular sensing. We envisage that the supramolecular self-assembly of CTE systems will become an important direction in the field of CTE research.

Clusterization-triggered emission (CTE): one for all, all for one

Novel emitters that do not contain traditional chromophores but only electron-rich moieties (e. g. amine, C=O, -OH, ether, and imide), which are classified as nonconventional luminophores, have been more frequently reported. Although more and more examples have been demonstrated, their emission mechanism remains unclear. The clustering-triggered emission (CTE) mechanism has previously been proposed to rationalize the luminescence of unconventional chromophores. Moreover, great attention has been paid to the distinctive inherent luminescence from nonaromatic biomolecules such as cellulose, starch, sugars, and nonaromatic amino acids and proteins. In this Review, we summarize these unconventional biomolecular luminophores and apply the CTE mechanism to rationalize such a phenomenon. This Review may shed new light on the understanding of intrinsic emission of nonaromatic biomolecules and decipher the intrinsic fluorescence from cells and tissues.

Intrinsic Luminescence from Nonaromatic Biomolecules

The rational modulation of the nontraditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL) of nonconventional luminophores remains difficult, on account of the limited understanding on the structure-property relationships and emission mechanisms. Herein, the effective modulation of NTIL is demonstrated based on a group of nonaromatic anhydrides and imides. Mutual bridging of isolated subgroups effectively promotes intramolecular through-space conjugation (TSC), leading to red-shifted emission, enhanced efficiency, and prolonged persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (p-RTP). The substitution of heteroatoms from oxygen to nitrogen drastically changes the TSC and enhances intermolecular interactions, resulting in enhanced emission efficiency. In addition, upon freezing, compression, or embedding into polymer matrices, the emission intensity and color remain well regulated. These results shed new light on the rational modulation of the NTIL and p-RTP of nonconventional luminophores.

Effective Internal and External Modulation of Nontraditional Intrinsic Luminescence.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant AIE chitosan-based films incorporating a Pickering emulsion of lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) essential oil

Clustering-Triggered Emission of Nonconventional Luminophores

The invention relates to a composite carbon fiber-loaded metal catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof The composite carbon fiber-loaded metal catalyst is high in graphitization degree, good in catalyst metal particle dispersion performance and excellent in catalytic performance and is prepared by adopting a transitional metal oxide as a graphitization enhancer of a carbon material and a metal dispersion loading induction agent The prepared composite carbon fiber material loaded with the transitional metal oxide is catalyzed through the transitional metal oxide under the high temperature condition to obtain a carbon material with a high graphitization degree, and the transitional metal oxide composite carbon fiber material is used as a catalyst carrier to be reduced by a reduction agent The catalyst is high in initial electrochemical activity surface area and good in duration, and after the catalyst is cycled for 4500 times, the electrochemical active surface area sill can be maintained at 54 percent The current density attenuation is reduced in a timing current-method electrochemical test of 120 minutes, the electrochemical activity is high, the current density is high, and the duration is excellent

Composite carbon fiber-loaded metal catalyst as well as preparation method and application thereof

The invention provides a method for preparing a hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The method comprises steps as follows: (1), preparation of a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane containing an initiating agent; (2), preparation of a KH570 grafted polyvinylidene fluoride membrane; (3), preparation of the hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane prepared by the method has the advantages of good hydrophilicity, good self-cleaning performance, good stability, simple process, easiness in operation, cheap equipment and easiness in popularization.

Method for preparing hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane

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Clustering-Triggered Emission of Nonconventional Luminophores

Composite carbon fiber-loaded metal catalyst as well as preparation method and application thereof

Method for preparing hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane