Dark matter particles near the center of a blazar, after being accelerated by the elastic collisions with relativistic electrons and protons in the blazar jet, can be energetic enough to trigger detectable signals at terrestrial detectors. In this work, focusing on the blazars TXS 0506+056 and BL Lacertae, we derive novel limits on the cross section of the elastic scattering between dark matter and electrons by means of the available Super-Kamiokande data. Thanks to the large blazar-boosted dark matter flux, the limit on the dark matter-electron scattering cross section for dark matter masses below 100 MeV can be as low as ∼ 10-38 cm2, that is orders of magnitude stronger than the analogous results from galactic cosmic rays.

/pdf/blazar-boosted-dark-matter-at-super-kamiokande-cwz11wxx.pdf

Blazar-boosted dark matter at Super-Kamiokande

We report a novel search for the cosmic-ray boosted dark matter using the 100 tonne·day full dataset of the PandaX-II detector located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. With the extra energy gained from the cosmic rays, sub-GeV dark matter particles can produce visible recoil signals in the detector. The diurnal modulations in rate and energy spectrum are utilized to further enhance the signal sensitivity. Our result excludes the dark matter–nucleon elastic scattering cross section between 10−31 and 10−28 cm2 for dark matter masses from 0.1 MeV/c2 to 0.1 GeV/c2, with a large parameter space previously unexplored by experimental collaborations.Received 30 December 2021Revised 4 April 2022Accepted 8 April 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.171801Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCosmic rays & astroparticlesParticle dark matterPhysical SystemsWeakly interacting massive particlesParticles & Fields 

/pdf/search-for-cosmic-ray-boosted-sub-gev-dark-matter-at-the-lvgblugv.pdf

Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter at the PandaX-II Experiment

We present new constraints on light dark matter boosted by cosmic rays (CRDM) using the 205.4 kg day data of the CDEX-10 experiment conducted at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. The Monte Carlo simulation package cjpl_ess was employed to evaluate the Earth shielding effect. Several key factors have been introduced and discussed in our CRDM analysis, including the contributions from heavier CR nuclei than proton and helium, the inhomogeneity of CR distribution, and the impact of the form factor in the Earth attenuation calculation. Our result excludes the dark matter–nucleon elastic scattering cross section region from 1.7×10−30 to 10−26 cm2 for dark matter of 10 keV/c2 to 1 GeV/c2.Received 6 January 2022Revised 10 April 2022Accepted 17 August 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.052008Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasParticle astrophysicsParticle dark matterPhysical SystemsWeakly interacting massive particlesTechniquesDark matter detectorsGravitation, Cosmology & AstrophysicsParticles & Fields 

/pdf/constraints-on-sub-gev-dark-matter-boosted-by-cosmic-rays-1f7mov2a.pdf

Constraints on sub-GeV dark matter boosted by cosmic rays from the CDEX-10 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory

We report a search for cosmic-ray boosted dark matter with protons using the 0.37 megaton×years data collected at Super-Kamiokande experiment during the 1996-2018 period (SKI-IV phase). We searched for an excess of proton recoils above the atmospheric neutrino background from the vicinity of the Galactic Center. No such excess is observed, and limits are calculated for two reference models of dark matter with either a constant interaction cross section or through a scalar mediator. This is the first experimental search for boosted dark matter with hadrons using directional information. The results present the most stringent limits on cosmic-ray boosted dark matter and exclude the dark matter-nucleon elastic scattering cross section between 10^{-33}cm^{2} and 10^{-27}cm^{2} for dark matter mass from 1 MeV/c^{2} to 300 MeV/c^{2}. 

/pdf/search-for-cosmic-ray-boosted-sub-gev-dark-matter-using-s2xwf5m2.pdf

Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using Recoil Protons at Super-Kamiokande

The irreducible upscattering of cold dark matter by cosmic rays opens up the intriguing possibility of detecting even light dark matter in conventional direct detection experiments or underground neutrino detectors. The mechanism also significantly enhances sensitivity to models with very large nuclear scattering rates, where the atmosphere and rock overburden efficiently stop standard non-relativistic dark matter particles before they could reach the detector. In this article, we demonstrate that cosmic-ray upscattering essentially closes the window for strongly interacting dark matter in the (sub-)GeV mass range. Arriving at this conclusion crucially requires a detailed treatment of both nuclear form factors and inelastic dark matter-nucleus scattering, as well as including the full momentum-transfer dependence of scattering amplitudes. We illustrate the latter point by considering three generic situations where such a momentum-dependence is particularly relevant, namely for interactions dominated by the exchange of light vector or scalar mediators, respectively, and for dark matter particles of finite size. As a final concrete example, we apply our analysis to a putative hexaquark state, which has been suggested as a viable baryonic dark matter candidate. Once again, we find that the updated constraints derived in this work close a significant part of otherwise unconstrained parameter space. 

/pdf/no-room-to-hide-implications-of-cosmic-ray-upscattering-for-2jqji1cq.pdf

No room to hide: implications of cosmic-ray upscattering for GeV-scale dark matter

Light sub-GeV halo dark matter (DM) particles up-scattered by high-energy cosmic-rays (CRs) (referred to as CRDM) can be energetic and become detectable by conventional DM direct detection experiments. We perform a refined analysis on the exclusion bounds of the spin-independent DM-nucleon scattering cross section $\sigma_{\chi p}$ in this approach. For the exclusion lower bounds, we determine the parameter of the effective distance $D_\text{eff}$ for CRDM production using spatial-dependent CR fluxes and including the contributions from the major heavy CR nuclear species. We obtain $D_\text{eff}\simeq 9$ kpc for CRDM particles with kinetic energy above $\sim 1~\text{GeV}$, which pushes the corresponding exclusion lower bounds down to $\sigma_{\chi p} \sim 4\times 10^{-32}~\text{cm}^2$ for DM particle mass at MeV scale and below. For the exclusion upper bounds from Earth attenuation, previous estimations neglecting the nuclear form factor leaded to typical exclusion upper bounds of $\sigma_{\chi p}\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{-28})~\text{cm}^2$ from the XENON1T data. Using both the analytic and numerical approaches, we show that for CRDM particles, the presence of the nuclear form factor strongly suppresses the effect of Earth attenuation. Consequently, the cross section that can be excluded by the XENON1T data can be a few orders of magnitude higher, which closes the gap in the cross sections excluded by the XENON1T experiment and that by the astrophysical measurements such that for the cosmic microwave background (CMB), galactic gas cloud cooling, and structure formation, etc..

Production and attenuation of cosmic-ray boosted dark matter

Constraining light dark matter upscattered by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Light dark matter (DM) particles upscattered by high-energy cosmic rays (CRs) can be energetic, and become detectable by the conventional direct detection (DD) experiments. We show that if the energy spectrum of the primary CR flux follows a power law $\sim E^{-3}$, for constant cross sections, the upscattered DM flux will follow an universal power law of $\sim E^{-2}$ which is independent of DM particle mass $m_{\chi}$. Consequently, the constraints on the DM-nucleon scattering cross section $\sigma_{\chi p}$ derived from DD experiments will be independent of $m_{\chi}$ as well, and can be formally extended to the limit of $m_{\chi}\to0$. The fact that the observed primary CR flux is indeed very close to $\sim E^{-3}$ over many orders of magnitude, especially after the "knee" structure suggests that the current DD experiments are able to constrain ultralight DM far below eV scale. Using the ultrahigh-energy primary CR flux measured up to $\sim10^{20}\thinspace\text{eV},$ we derive conservative constraints from the Xenon-1T data on the spin-independent cross section of $\sigma_{\chi p}\lesssim(10^{-32}-10^{-31})\thinspace\text{cm}^{2}$ for very small $m_{\chi}$ from $\sim$eV down to $\sim10^{-12}\text{ eV}$.

Constraining sub-eV Dark Matter from Direct Detection Experiment

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Papers

Production and attenuation of cosmic-ray boosted dark matter

Constraining light dark matter upscattered by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Constraining sub-eV Dark Matter from Direct Detection Experiment