Flavonoids are a group of plant constituents called phenolic compounds and correspond to the nonenergy part of the human diet. Flavonoids are found in vegetables, seeds, fruits, and beverages such as wine and beer. Over 7000 flavonoids have been identified and they have been considered substances with a beneficial action on human health, particularly of multiple positive effects because of their antioxidant and free radical scavenging action. Although several studies indicate that some flavonoids have provident actions, they occur only at high doses, confirming in most investigations the existence of anti-inflammatory effects, antiviral or anti-allergic, and their protective role against cardiovascular disease, cancer, and various pathologies. Flavonoids are generally removed by chemical methods using solvents and traditional processes, which besides being expensive, involve long periods of time and affect the bioactivity of such compounds. Recently, efforts to develop biotechnological strategies to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic solvents have been reported, reducing processing time and maintaining the bioactivity of the compounds. In this paper, we review, analyze, and discuss methodologies for biotechnological recovery/extraction of flavonoids from agro-industrial residues, describing the advances and challenges in the topic.

/pdf/conventional-and-emerging-extraction-processes-of-flavonoids-24pbxfgpje.pdf

Conventional and Emerging Extraction Processes of Flavonoids

Effects of Portulaca oleracea L. extract on lipid oxidation and color of pork meat during refrigerated storage

Lycium barbarum is a boxthorn that produces the goji berries. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the proliferative effect of L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on probiotics. LBP was extracted from goji berries and its monosaccharide composition characterized by gas chromatography (GC). The LBP extract contained arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. LBP obviously promoted the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, especially Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. In the presence of LBP in the growth medium, the β-galactosidase (β-GAL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of strain Bi-26 significantly increased. The activities of β-GAL, LDH, hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) of strain NCFM significantly increased under those conditions. LAB transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the proliferative effect of LBP. The data revealed that LBP promoted the bacterial biosynthetic and metabolic processes, gene expression, transcription, and transmembrane transport. Pyruvate metabolism, carbon metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis genes were overexpressed. Furthermore, LBP improved cell vitality during freeze-drying and tolerance of the gastrointestinal environment. In summary, LBP can be used as a potential prebiotic for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

/pdf/lyciumbarbarum-polysaccharide-lbp-a-novel-prebiotics-dkzaqnwgck.pdf

Lyciumbarbarum Polysaccharide (LBP): A Novel Prebiotics Candidate for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

Polysaccharides with multiple biological activities and health benefit effects are usually considered as one of the major function components in food and medicine dual purposes Chinese herbs (FMDPCH). With the increasing interest in the utilization of FMDPCH, their quality control is very important for ensuring their safety and efficacy. To date, there is no report focus on the analysis of polysaccharides in FMDPCH. Herein, advanced development for quality control approaches, including sample preparation, separation and fraction, qualitative and quantitative analysis, of polysaccharides in MPDPCH were reviewed and discussed. Especially, discrimination and quantification of polysaccharides, respectively, based on novel saccharide mapping and universal refractive index increment were focused. Besides, the perspective for the characterization of polysaccharides has also been described.

Advanced analysis of polysaccharides, novel functional components in food and medicine dual purposes Chinese herbs

The protective effect of polysaccharide extracted from Portulaca oleracea L. against Pb-induced learning and memory impairments in rats.

Novel small-molecule polysaccharide fractions, named POP II and POP III, were purified from Portulaca oleracea L. with average Mw values of 9.25 and 8.03 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that POP II was composed of Rha, Ara, Man, Glc, and Gal with molar ratios of 1: 1.42: 0.44: 0.88: 1.59. POP III was composed of Rha, Ara, Glc, and Gal with molar ratios of 1: 1.16: 0.23: 0.59. The antioxidant activities of the fractions were evaluated using cell-free and cell-mediated radical generating systems. POPII and POP III possessed strong antioxidant activities in both systems. The 2 novel polysaccharide fractions extracted from P. oleracea L. can be developed as natural antioxidants for treatment of free radical-related diseases.

Antioxidant activities of novel small-molecule polysaccharide fractions purified from Portulaca oleracea L.

Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of Portulaca oleracea L. flavonoids (POF) was investigated using single-factor experimentation combined with response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for the highest yield (16.25 mg RE/g DW) of POF was 39.01% ethanol, 55.25°C extraction temperature, 15 min extraction time, and 23.92 (v/m) liquid-to-solid ratio. The crude extract of POF was purified on the polyamide resin. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole assays of the flavonoids were evaluated, which suggested the concentrations of the flavonoids (0–1 mg/mL) and quercetin (0–1 mg/mL). Quercetin was identified in the extract by comparing relative retention time of the reference standard.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoid from Portulaca oleracea L. by response surface methodology and chemical composition analysis

Effect of polymerization degree and crosslinking on hygrothermal stability of iodine-PVA polarizing films

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Antioxidant activities of novel small-molecule polysaccharide fractions purified from Portulaca oleracea L.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoid from Portulaca oleracea L. by response surface methodology and chemical composition analysis

Effect of polymerization degree and crosslinking on hygrothermal stability of iodine-PVA polarizing films