Nanocarbons with different dimensions (e.g., 0D fullerenes and carbon nanodots, 1D carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons, 2D graphene and graphene oxides, and 3D nanodiamonds) have attracted enormous interest for applications ranging from electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics to sensing, bioimaging, and therapeutics due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Among them, nanocarbon-based theranostics (i.e., therapeutics and diagnostics) is one of the most intensively studied applications, as these nanocarbon materials serve as excellent biosensors, versatile drug/gene carriers for specific targeting in vivo, effective photothermal nanoagents for cancer therapy, and promising fluorescent nanolabels for cell and tissue imaging. This review provides a systematic overview of the latest theranostic applications of nanocarbon materials with a comprehensive comparison of the characteristics of different nanocarbon materials and their influences on theranostic applications. We first introduce the different carbon allotropes that can be used for theranostic applications with their respective preparation and surface functionalization approaches as well as their physical and chemical properties. Theranostic applications are described separately for both in vitro and in vivo systems by highlighting the protocols and the studied biosystems, followed by the toxicity and biodegradability implications. Finally, this review outlines the design considerations for nanocarbon materials as the key unifying themes that will serve as a foundational first principle for researchers to study, investigate, and generate effective, biocompatible, and nontoxic nanocarbon materials-based models for cancer theranostics applications. Finally, we summarize the review with an outlook on the challenges and novel theranostic protocols using nanocarbon materials for hard-to-treat cancers and other diseases. This review intends to present a comprehensive guideline for researchers in nanotechnology and biomedicine on the selection strategy of nanocarbon materials according to their specific requirements.

Nanocarbons for Biology and Medicine: Sensing, Imaging, and Drug Delivery

Stimuli responsive drug delivery systems based on nano-graphene for cancer therapy.

Nowadays cancer remains one of the main causes of death in the world. Current diagnostic techniques need to be improved to provide earlier diagnosis and treatment. Traditional therapy approaches to cancer are limited by lack of specificity and systemic toxicity. In this scenario nanomaterials could be good allies to give more specific cancer treatment effectively reducing undesired side effects and giving at the same time accurate diagnosis and successful therapy. In this context, thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties, graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene (rGO) have recently attracted tremendous interest in biomedicine including cancer therapy. Herein we analyzed all studies presented in literature related to cancer fight using graphene and graphene-based conjugates. In this context, we aimed at the full picture of the state of the art providing new inputs for future strategies in the cancer theranostic by using of graphene. We found an impressive increasing interest in the material for cancer therapy and/or diagnosis. The majority of the works (73%) have been carried out on drug and gene delivery applications, following by photothermal therapy (32%), imaging (31%) and photodynamic therapy (10%). A 27% of the studies focused on theranostic applications. Part of the works here discussed contribute to the growth of the theranostic field covering the use of imaging (i.e. ultrasonography, positron electron tomography, and fluorescent imaging) combined to one or more therapeutic modalities. We found that the use of graphene in cancer theranostics is still in an early but rapidly growing stage of investigation. Any technology based on nanomaterials can significantly enhance their possibility to became the real revolution in medicine if combines diagnosis and therapy at the same time. We performed a comprehensive summary of the latest progress of graphene cancer fight and highlighted the future challenges and the innovative possible theranostic applications.

/pdf/graphene-as-cancer-theranostic-tool-progress-and-future-4s1to14za2.pdf

Graphene as Cancer Theranostic Tool: Progress and Future Challenges

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly gastrointestinal malignancies. Given its insensitivity to traditional systematic chemotherapy, new therapeutic strategies for efficient HCCs treatment are urgently needed. Here, the development of a novel 2D MXene-based composite nanoplatform for highly efficient and synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal hyperthermia against HCC is reported. A surface-nanopore engineering strategy is developed for the MXenes' surface functionalization, which achieves the uniform coating of a thin mesoporous-silica layer onto the surface of 2D Ti3 C2 MXene (Ti3 C2 @mMSNs). This strategy endows MXenes with well-defined mesopores for on-demand drug release/delivery, enhanced hydrophilicity/dispersity, and abundant surface chemistry for targeting engineering. Systematic in vitro and in vivo evaluations have demonstrated the high active-targeting capability of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-targeting Ti3 C2 @mMSNs into tumor, and the synergistic chemotherapy (contributed by the mesoporous shell) and photothermal hyperthermia (contributed by the Ti3 C2 MXene core) completely eradicate the tumor without obvious reoccurrence. This work not only provides a novel strategy for efficiently combating HCC by developing MXene-based composite nanoplatforms, but also paves a new way for extending the biomedical applications of MXenes by surface-nanopore engineering.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.201902282

Surface Nanopore Engineering of 2D MXenes for Targeted and Synergistic Multitherapies of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Graphene-based materials have attracted increasing attention due to their atomically-thick two-dimensional structures, high conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and large specific surface areas. The combination of biomolecules with graphene-based materials offers a promising method to fabricate novel graphene–biomolecule hybrid nanomaterials with unique functions in biology, medicine, nanotechnology, and materials science. In this review, we focus on a summarization of the recent studies in functionalizing graphene-based materials using different biomolecules, such as DNA, peptides, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and viruses. The different interactions between graphene and biomolecules at the molecular level are demonstrated and discussed in detail. In addition, the potential applications of the created graphene–biomolecule nanohybrids in drug delivery, cancer treatment, tissue engineering, biosensors, bioimaging, energy materials, and other nanotechnological applications are presented. This review will be helpful to know the modification of graphene with biomolecules, understand the interactions between graphene and biomolecules at the molecular level, and design functional graphene-based nanomaterials with unique properties for various applications.

When biomolecules meet graphene: from molecular level interactions to material design and applications.

Microalgae-derived carbon quantum dots mediated formation of metal sulfide nano-adsorbents with exceptional cadmium removal performance.

BACKGROUND Amisulpride (AMI) is a popular antipsychotic drug prescribed for the management of schizophrenia. However, patients may experience prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval. We therefore aimed to assess the risk factors for QTc prolongation during AMI therapy in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS This study retrospectively enrolled 271 patients with schizophrenia. Continuous variables were analyzed with a t test or analysis of variance, and categorical variables were analyzed with a χ test. Patients with and without QTc prolongation were compared using a backward stepwise logistic regression analysis to identify the important variables. RESULTS Comedication of AMI with clozapine (odds ratio, 3.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.3-9.7]) and decreased renal function (mildly decrease, 3.4 [1.2-10.1]; mild to moderately decreased, 4.8 [1.3-17.3]; moderately decreased, 13.6 [2.0-90.6]) were identified as the independent risk factors of QTc prolongation. The dose-normalized plasma concentration of AMI (plasma concentration per dose) was significantly higher in the QTc prolongation group (z = -1.735, P = 0.015) and renal dysfunction group (F = 16.002, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Renal function should be monitored in patients prescribed with AMI, particularly in those taking clozapine. Plasma concentration per dose values can be considered as a risk factor of QTc interval prolongation. The founding help clinicians to analyze the risk of QTc prolongation before prescribing AMI and to monitor QTc prolongation during AMI therapy.

Risk of Prolonged Corrected QT Interval With Amisulpride Therapy for Renal Function Management in Patients With Schizophrenia.

Cortisol and cortisone are 2 important glucocorticoids produced in the human hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis that respond to stress. An analytical method to determinate cortisol and corti...

/pdf/simultaneous-quantification-of-cortisol-and-cortisone-in-5dfkurfpkh.pdf

Simultaneous quantification of cortisol and cortisone in serums and saliva from depressive patients by supported liquid extraction coupled to HPLC–MS/MSs

In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and the anti-tumor effect of cyclic RGD-modified doxorubicin-loaded polymers in tumor-bearing mice B Biointerfaces

In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and the anti-tumor effect of cyclic RGD-modified doxorubicin-loaded polymers in tumor-bearing mice.

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