The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/9/917/pdf

Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential

 The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) measures PM capability to potentially cause anti-oxidant imbalance Due to the wide range and complex mixture of species in particulates, little is known about the pollution sources most strongly contributing to OP A 1-year sampling of PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10) was performed over different sites in a medium-sized city (Grenoble, France) An enhanced fine-scale apportionment of PM10 sources, based on the chemical composition, was performed using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and reported in a companion paper (Borlaza et al, 2020) OP was assessed as the ability of PM10 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) using three different acellular assays: dithiothreitol (DTT), ascorbic acid (AA), and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) assays Using multiple linear regression (MLR), the OP contributions of the sources identified by PMF were estimated Conversely, since atmospheric processes are usually non-linear in nature, artificial neural network (ANN) techniques, which employ non-linear models, could further improve estimates Hence, the multilayer perceptron analysis (MLP), an ANN-based model, was additionally used to model OP based on PMF-resolved sources as well This study presents the spatiotemporal variabilities of OP activity with influences by season-specific sources, site typology and specific local features, and assay sensitivity Overall, both MLR and MLP effectively captured the evolution of OP The primary traffic and biomass burning sources were the strongest drivers of OP in the Grenoble basin There is also a clear redistribution of source-specific impacts when using OP instead of mass concentration, underlining the importance of PM redox activity for the identification of potential sources of PM toxicity Finally, the MLP generally offered improvements in OP prediction, especially for sites where synergistic and/or antagonistic effects between sources are prominent, supporting the value of using ANN-based models to account for the non-linear dynamics behind the atmospheric processes affecting OP of PM10 

/pdf/disparities-in-particulate-matter-pm-10-origins-and-4qv99kfnt8.pdf

Disparities in particulate matter (PM 10 ) origins and oxidative potential at a city scale (Grenoble, France) – Part 2: Sources of PM 10 oxidative potential using multiple linear regression analysis and the predictive applicability of multilayer perceptron neural network analysis

Long and short-term exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has detrimental effects on human health The effective mechanisms leading to PM toxicity are still not fully understood, even if it is known that physical-chemical properties, strongly influenced by sources and atmospheric processes, are known to play an important role In this work, PM10 samples were collected, at an urban background site in southern Italy, to determine cytotoxicity (using MTT test on A549 cells), genotoxicity (using the comet assay), and intracellular oxidative stress on A549 cells exposed for 24 h to aqueous extracts of PM10 samples Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content of PM10 and acellular determination of oxidative potential with DTT assay were performed to compare results of acellular and cellular biological assays Cellular (OSGCV and MTTV) and acellular (OPDTTV) outcomes, normalized in volume, are well correlated (statistically significant results) with carbon content suggesting that combustion sources play an important role in determining cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of PM10 Even if the number of data is limited, genotoxicity results are well correlated (Pearson r > 095) with OSGCV and MTTV, and a weaker, but statistically significant correlation was observed with OPDTTV OSGCV is well correlated with the cell mortality observed with the MTTV test and a lower, but still statistically significant correlation is observed between MTTV and OPDDTV A statistically significant correlation was found between OPDTTV and OSGCV results When the outcomes of the cellular and acellular assay are compared normalized in mass (ie, intrinsic values), the correlations become significantly weaker suggesting that the different sources acting on the site produces particulate matter with different toxicological potential influencing differently the biological tests studied

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/4/464/pdf

Oxidative Potential, Cytotoxicity, and Intracellular Oxidative Stress Generating Capacity of PM10: A Case Study in South of Italy

Characterisation of the correlations between oxidative potential and in vitro biological effects of PM10 at three sites in the central Mediterranean.

Effects of hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and HVO/biodiesel blends on the physicochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from an off-road heavy-duty diesel engine

Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a useful descriptor for the ability of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently induce oxidative stress in biological systems, which has been recognized as one of the most important mechanisms responsible for PM toxicity. The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is one of the most frequently used techniques to quantify OP because it is low-cost, easy-to-operate, and has high repeatability. With two thiol groups, DTT has been used as a surrogate of biological sulfurs that can be oxidized when exposed to ROS. Within the DTT measurement matrix, OP is defined as the DTT consumption rate. Often, the DTT consumption can be attributed to the presence of transition metals and quinones in PM as they can catalyze the oxidation of DTT through catalytic redox reactions. However, the DTT consumption by non-catalytic PM components has not been fully investigated. In addition, weak correlations between DTT consumption, ROS generation, and cellular responses have been observed in several studies, which also reveal the knowledge gaps between DTT-based OP measurements and their implication on health effects. In this review, we critically assessed the current challenges and limitations of DTT measurement, highlighted the understudied DTT consumption mechanisms, elaborated the necessity to understand both PM-bound and PM-induced ROS, and concluded with research needs to bridge the existing knowledge gaps.

Use of Dithiothreitol Assay to Evaluate the Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Aerosols

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Use of Dithiothreitol Assay to Evaluate the Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Aerosols