The reasonable design of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries plays an important role in promoting the development of renewable energy technology. With the in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying electrode reactions and the rapid development of advanced technology, the performance of batteries has significantly been optimized through the introduction of defect engineering on electrode materials. A large number of coordination unsaturated sites can be exposed by defect construction in electrode materials, which play a crucial role in electrochemical reactions. Herein, recent advances regarding defect engineering in electrode materials for rechargeable batteries are systematically summarized, with a special focus on the application of metal-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and metal-air batteries. The defects can not only effectively promote ion diffusion and charge transfer but also provide more storage/adsorption/active sites for guest ions and intermediate species, thus improving the performance of batteries. Moreover, the existing challenges and future development prospects are forecast, and the electrode materials are further optimized through defect engineering to promote the development of the battery industry.

Defect Engineering on Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries.

Ever-increasing global energy consumption has driven the development of renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) with high electrochemical performance are critical for enabling renewable yet intermittent sources of energy such as solar and wind. In recent years, numerous new battery technologies have been achieved and showed great potential for grid scale energy storage (GSES) applications. However, their practical applications have been greatly impeded due to the gap between the breakthroughs achieved in research laboratories and the industrial applications. In addition, various complex applications call for different battery performances. Matching of diverse batteries to various applications is required to promote practical energy storage research achievement. This review provides in-depth discussion and comprehensive consideration in the battery research field for GSES. The overall requirements of battery technologies for practical applications with key parameters are systematically analyzed by generating standards and measures for GSES. We also discuss recent progress and existing challenges for some representative battery technologies with great promise for GSES, including metal-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, molten-salt batteries, alkaline batteries, redox-flow batteries, metal-air batteries, and hydrogen-gas batteries. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of bringing emerging battery technologies from academia to industry. Our perspectives on the future development of batteries for GSES applications are provided.

Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage.

Heteroatom-doped carbon-based materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial reactions in energy conversion and storage systems including fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and electrolyzers. Developing low-cost, highefficiency, and durable non-noble bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts is the key to the commercialization of these devices. Here, based on an in-depth understanding of ORR/OER reaction mechanisms, recent advances in the development of non-noble electrocatalysts for ORR/OER are reviewed. In particular, rational design for enhancing the activity and stability and scalable synthesis toward the large-scale production of bifunctional electrocatalysts are highlighted. Prospects and future challenges in the field of oxygen electrocatalysis are presented.

Recent Advances in Non‐Noble Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts toward Large‐Scale Production

Zinc–air batteries are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation clean and sustainable energy storage devices, due to their low-cost, safety, eco-friendliness, and high specific energy density. In zinc–air batteries, the air catalysts accelerate the sluggish oxygen electrocatalysis and largely govern the overall battery performance. Among the air catalysts, carbon-based materials have attract great attention, owing to their high conductivity, chemical robustness, porous structure, and tunable composition. Herein, this review presents the recent progress in bifunctional heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts for zinc–air batteries, especially for rechargeable and flexible batteries. The review will start with a brief introduction of the development, advantages, and types of zinc–air batteries. Then, the application of bifunctional heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts for aqueous and solid-state/flexible zinc–air batteries will be summarized. In the review, an emphasis is given for the investigations on reaction mechanisms, along with corresponding discussions on the role of non-metal and metal dopants. Theoretical predictions will also be discussed to guide the design and fabrication of future bifunctional carbon-based catalysts. Finally, a general perspective on the challenges and opportunities for the future innovation of heteroatom-doped carbon-based catalysts for zinc–air batteries is presented.

Heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts for zinc–air batteries: progress, mechanism, and opportunities

Edge-doping modulation of N, P-codoped porous carbon spheres for high-performance rechargeable Zn-air batteries

The invention relates to a derivative electrocatalyst for growing Prussian blue or Prussian blue analogues in situ on a metal substrate and a preparation method of the derivative electrocatalyst. Themethod comprises the following steps: pre-treating the metal substrate, immersing the metal substrate into a metal cyanate aqueous solution or a metal cyanate alcoholic solution, and adding an acid into the system so as to obtain a substrate on which Prussian blue or Prussian blue analogues grow; and calcining the substrate so as to obtain the derivative electrocatalyst for growing Prussian blue or Prussian blue analogues in situ on the metal substrate. According to the method disclosed by the invention, in-situ growth of derivatives of the Prussian blue or Prussian blue analogues can be realized on multiple metal substrates, varieties of metal cyanide ions are regulated, products of different morphologies, compositions and physicochemical properties can be obtained, the prepared electrocatalyst can directly serve as an electrode, use of an adhesive is avoided, the preparation process is simplified, the resistance is reduced, and rapid electron transfer and effective mass transfer processes can be ensured, so that the catalytic activity is improved.

Derivative electrocatalyst for growing Prussian blue or Prussian blue analogues in situ on metal substrate and preparation method of derivative electrocatalyst

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Edge-doping modulation of N, P-codoped porous carbon spheres for high-performance rechargeable Zn-air batteries

Derivative electrocatalyst for growing Prussian blue or Prussian blue analogues in situ on metal substrate and preparation method of derivative electrocatalyst