Abstract The failure of breeding strategies has caused scientists to shift to other means where the new approach involves exploring the microbiome to modulate plant defense mechanisms against Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD). The cotton microbiome of CLCuD-resistant varieties may harbor a multitude of bacterial genera that significantly contribute to disease resistance and provide information on metabolic pathways that differ between the susceptible and resistant varieties. The current study explores the microbiome of CLCuD-susceptible Gossypium hirsutum and CLCuD-resistant Gossypium arboreum using 16 S rRNA gene amplification for the leaf endophyte, leaf epiphyte, rhizosphere, and root endophyte of the two cotton species. This revealed that Pseudomonas inhabited the rhizosphere while Bacillus was predominantly found in the phyllosphere of CLCuV-resistant G. arboreum . Using salicylic acid-producing Serratia spp . and Fictibacillus spp . isolated from CLCuD-resistant G. arboreum, and guided by our analyses, we have successfully suppressed CLCuD in the susceptible G. hirsutum through pot assays. The applied strains exhibited less than 10% CLCuD incidence as compared to control group where it was 40% at 40 days post viral inoculation. Through detailed analytics, we have successfully demonstrated that the applied microbes serve as a biocontrol agent to suppress viral disease in Cotton. 

Cotton microbiome profiling and Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) suppression through microbial consortia associated with Gossypium arboreum

The development of new building materials that meet technological, economic, and environmental criteria has been highlighted in recent decades, especially regarding the use of alternative raw materials or new production methodologies. In this context, the objective of this project was to promote the development of adobe blocks using clay and manure, contributing to the sustainable development of the construction sector due to the use of adobe blocks, produced by the raw earth technique. Initially, the raw materials were characterized through chemical composition by XRF, mineralogical composition by XRD, granulometry, and Atterberg limits. Later, adobe blocks were produced manually, measuring 20 × 10 × 8 cm3, using three dosing techniques: (i) blocks with clay and manure; (ii) blocks with clay, sand and manure; and (iii) blocks stabilized by Portland cement and hydrated lime. The tests evaluated were compressive strength, water absorption, and durability. The characterization results of the raw materials show that the material used in the research are suitable for production of adobe blocks. The mechanical parameters prove a disadvantage of adobe blocks: their low resistance. Even so, the results with the use of adobe improve the strength of the material, due to the solidification of the adobe structure. In addition, the use of stabilization, mainly Portland cement, allows the results obtained in the research to be compatible with other published articles. Thus, it is concluded that the use of manure and stabilization, such as Portland cement, improve the mechanical behavior and stability of the blocks, which increases the durability of the material.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-properties-of-adobe-blocks-with-clay-and-vwoalns4.pdf

Evaluation of the Properties of Adobe Blocks with Clay and Manure

Hot viewpoint on how soil texture, soil nutrient availability, and root exudates interact to shape microbial dynamics and plant health

The presence and reproduction of pathogens in soil environment have significant negative impacts on soil security and human health in urban-rural ecosystem. Rapid urbanization has dramatically changed the land use, soil ecosystems, and the presence of pathogens in soil environment, however, the risk associated with soil pathogens remains unknown. Identifying the potential risk of pathogens in soils in urban-rural ecosystem has become an urgent issue. In this study, we established a risk evaluation method for soil pathogens based on analytic hierarchy process and entropy methods to quantitatively estimate the potential risk of soil pathogens to children and adults in urban-rural ecosystem. The abundance and species number of soil pathogens, network structure of soil microbial community, and human exposure factors were considered with 12 indicators to establish the risk evaluation system. The results revealed that 19 potential pathogenic bacteria were detected in soils within a typical urban-rural ecosystem. Substantial differences were observed in both abundance and species of soil pathogens as well as network structure of soil microbial community from urban to rural areas. Urban areas exhibited relatively lower levels of soil pathogenic abundance, but the microbial network was considerably unstable. Rural areas supported relatively higher levels of soil pathogenic abundance and stable microbial networks. Notably, peri-urban areas showed relatively unstable microbial networks alongside higher levels of soil pathogenic abundance compared to other areas. The risk evaluation of soil pathogens for both adults and children showed that peri-urban areas presented the highest potential risk, with children being more susceptible than adults to threats posed by soil pathogens in both urban and peri-urban areas. The established evaluation system provides an innovative approach for quantifying risk of soil pathogens at regional scale and can be used as a reference for preventing soil pathogens contamination and enhancing soil health in areas with intense human activities. 

An innovative risk evaluation method on soil pathogens in urban-rural ecosystem.

Soil microbiomes play a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions and are of great importance for soil health. Some of them could bring benefits to plants for growth promotion. Despite numerous studies have focused on specific beneficial bacteria and their interactions with soils and plants, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of beneficial communities in plant-soil continuums and their responses to agricultural activities. To address this gap, we carried out a microcosm experiment using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to explore the effects of organic fertilization on beneficial communities in plant–soil continuums and assess their potential multifunctionality. Our findings reveal that organic fertilization had a positive impact on the beneficial functionality of bacterial communities in plant-soil continuums. This improvement was primarily attributed to the optimized soil physicochemical conditions resulting from organic fertilization. Additionally, organic fertilization increased the complexity of bacterial co-occurrence networks in both soils and the endosphere. Keystone taxa in the endosphere undergone a shift of functions toward pathogen suppression as the result of organic fertilization. Furthermore, this study revealed that plants exhibited a preference for internalizing beneficial bacteria over other type of bacteria. We also provided new insights for evaluating the multifunctionality of microbiomes, and found that the functionality of beneficial communities in plant-soil continuums is enhanced by organic fertilization. All these findings suggested that organic fertilization can be an effective strategy for maintaining plant and soil health. 

Enhancement of beneficial microbiomes in plant–soil continuums through organic fertilization: Insights into the composition and multifunctionality

Effects of manure fertilization on human pathogens in endosphere of three vegetable plants.

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Effects of manure fertilization on human pathogens in endosphere of three vegetable plants.