In this paper, we present the detailed analysis of recurrent homologous jets originating from an emerging negative magnetic flux at the edge of an Active Region. The observed jets show multi-thermal features. Their evolution shows high consistence with the characteristic parameters of the emerging flux, suggesting that with more free magnetic energy, the eruptions tend to be more violent, frequent and blowout-like. The average temperature, average electron number density and axial speed are found to be similar for different jets, indicating that they should have been formed by plasmas from similar origins. Statistical analysis of the jets and their footpoint region conditions reveals a strong positive relationship between the footpoint-region total 131 {\AA} intensity enhancement and jets' length/width. Stronger linearly positive relationships also exist between the total intensity enhancement/thermal energy of the footpoint regions and jets' mass/kinetic/thermal energy, with higher cross-correlation coefficients. All the above results, together, confirm the direct relationship between the magnetic reconnection and the jets, and validate the important role of magnetic reconnection in transporting large amount of free magnetic energy into jets. It is also suggested that there should be more free energy released during the magnetic reconnection of blowout than of standard jet events.

/pdf/on-the-magnetic-and-energy-characteristics-of-recurrent-1r1aooi1lh.pdf

On the Magnetic and Energy Characteristics of Recurrent Homologous Jets from An Emerging Flux

In this paper, we present the detailed analysis of recurrent homologous jets originating from an emerging negative magnetic flux at the edge of an Active Region. The observed jets show multi-thermal features. Their evolution shows high consistence with the characteristic parameters of the emerging flux, suggesting that with more free magnetic energy, the eruptions tend to be more violent, frequent and blowout-like. The average temperature, average electron number density and axial speed are found to be similar for different jets, indicating that they should have been formed by plasmas from similar origins. Statistical analysis of the jets and their footpoint region conditions reveals a strong positive relationship between the footpoint-region total 131 A intensity enhancement and jets' length/width. Stronger linearly positive relationships also exist between the total intensity enhancement/thermal energy of the footpoint regions and jets' mass/kinetic/thermal energy, with higher cross-correlation coefficients. All the above results, together, confirm the direct relationship between the magnetic reconnection and the jets, and validate the important role of magnetic reconnection in transporting large amount of free magnetic energy into jets. It is also suggested that there should be more free energy released during the magnetic reconnection of blowout than of standard jet events.

/pdf/on-the-magnetic-and-energy-characteristics-of-recurrent-2m434gpkli.pdf

Magnetic and Energy Characteristics of Recurrent Homologous Jets from an Emerging Flux

AIM: Choledocholithiasis is present in 5 to 10 percent of patients who have cholelithiasis. Tn the area of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) and intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (IOES) have been used to treat choledocholithiasis. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and hospital costs of LCBDE with IOES.METHODS: Between November 1999 and October 2002,patients with choledocholithiasis undergoing LC plus LCBDE (Group A, n=45) were retrospectively compared to those undergoing LC plus IOES (Group B, n=57) at a single institution.RESULTS: Ductal stone clearance rates were equivalent for the two groups (88 % versus 89 %, P=0.436). The conversion rate was higher for Group B (8.8 % versus 4.4 %,P=0.381), as was the morbidity (12.3 % versus 6.7 %,P=0.336). There were no other significant differences between the two groups. The complications were mainly related to endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), and the hospital costs were significantly increased in this subset of Group B (median, 23 910 versus 14 955 RMB yuan, P=0.03). Although hospital stay was longer in Group A (median, 7 versus 6 days,P=0.041), the patients in Group A had a significantly decreased cost of hospitalization compared with those in Group B (median, L1 362 versus 15 466 RMB yuan, P=0.000).CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate equivalent ductal stone clearance rates for the two groups. LCBDE management appears safer, and is associated with a significantly decreased hospital cost. The findings suggest LCBDE for choledocholithiasis is a better option.

Management of choledocholithiasis： Comparison between laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy

AIM: Common bile duct microlithiasis (CBDM) is found inmajority of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) andno CBD stones in fluoroscopy during urgent ERCP. It isunclear, however, weather CBDM is a cause or the result ofthe disease. This prospective study wss done to investigatethe presence and density of CBDM in patients with ABP, whenendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) wasdone in different periods from the onset of the diseaseMETHODS: One hundred fifty one consecutive patients withABP and no CBDS on ERCP, performed as an urgent ( ＜ 24h of admission) procedure, (101 - with gallbladder stones,50 post-cholecystectomy patients), treated during last 4years were prospectively included to the study. Thepresence and density of CBDM (cholesterol monohydratecrystals-CMCs and calcium bilirubinate granules-CBGs) inbile collected directly from common bile duct during ERCPwas prospectively calculated according to Juniper andBurson criteria. High density of crystals was considered,whenwe found ＞ 10 CMCs and/or ＞ 25 clusters of CBGs on 1 slide.RESULTS: CBD microlithiasis was present in given numberof patients: on d 1-30/34 (88.2 %), on d2 41/49 (83.7 %),on d3-23/33 (69.6 %), on d4-7-24/35 (68.6 %) [ P for trend= 0. 018 ]. In patients with CBD microlithiasis the highdensity of crystals was observed in given number ofpetients:on d 1-27/30 (90 %), on d2-34/41 (82.9 %), on d3-18/23(78.3 %), on d 4-7-16/24 (66.7 %)[ P for trend =0.039].CONCLUSION: In patients with ABP and no CBDS on ERCP,CBD microlithiasis is observed in the majority of patients,especially during the first day of the disease. Density ofCBD microlithiasis is the highest in the first day of thedisease. This suggests that CBD microlithiasis can be thecause and not the result of ABP.

Presence and density of common bile duct microlithiasis in acute biliary pancreatitis

Objective: To investigate the feasibility, safety and the clinical value of primary suture following 3-port laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Methods: From January 2012 to September 2014, 176 patients suffered from choledocholithiasis were treated with primary suture following 3-port LCBDE and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All cases were operated successfully and none was converted to open surgery. The duration of operation was 92.2 ± 18.8 min and the length of postoperative hospital stay was 4.4 ± 3.7 d. Postoperative bile leakage occurred in 2 cases and these patients recovered by simple drainage for 3 to 7 days without re-operation. All patients recovered smoothly without any serious complications. Conclusions: Primary suture following 3-port LCBDE is safe, effective and mini-invasive, which is worthy of further clinical application.

/pdf/clinical-application-of-primary-suture-following-three-port-2g2ghqgelb.pdf

Clinical Application of Primary Suture Following Three-Port Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration: A Report of 176 Cases

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Clinical Application of Primary Suture Following Three-Port Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration: A Report of 176 Cases