Bougainvillea, an evergreen climbing shrub of the Nyctaginaceae family, holds significant ornamental, economic, and medicinal value. Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ is widely used in landscapes due to its strong adaptability to the environment, abundance of flowers, and frequent flowering. Traditionally, Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ cultivation has relied on methods such as cuttings or grafting, with limited research on in vitro tissue culture propagation. This study aimed to optimize the tissue culture system, exploring a combination of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for Bougainvillea regeneration from in vitro stem segments. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA) was employed. The optimal sterilization of Bougainvillea stem segments involved a 30 s treatment with 75% alcohol and 10 min with 1% NaClO. The synergistic effect of 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA and 2.5 mg·L−1 of 6-BA maximized the shoot sprouting frequency, while 2.5 mg·L−1 of 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA produced the maximum shoots. Furthermore, 1.5 mg·L−1 of IBA and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA induced the highest rooting levels. This work demonstrates the successful adaptation of a greenhouse environment to efficiently regenerate plants in vitro from stem segments. This approach allows for the mass production of Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’.

An Efficient Method for the Propagation of Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ (Nyctaginaceae) from In Vitro Stem Segments

Abstract Genes have the ability to produce transcript variants that perform specific cellular functions. However, accurately detecting all transcript variants remains a long-standing challenge, especially when working with poorly annotated genomes or without a known genome. To address this issue, we have developed a new computational method, TransIntegrator, which enables transcriptome-wide detection of novel transcript variants. For this, we determined 10 Illumina sequencing transcriptomes and a PacBio full-length transcriptome for consecutive embryo development stages of amphioxus, a species of great evolutionary importance. Based on the transcriptomes, we employed TransIntegrator to create a comprehensive transcript variant library, namely iTranscriptome. The resulting iTrancriptome contained 91 915 distinct transcript variants, with an average of 2.4 variants per gene. This substantially improved current amphioxus genome annotation by expanding the number of genes from 21 954 to 38 777. Further analysis manifested that the gene expansion was largely ascribed to integration of multiple Illumina datasets instead of involving the PacBio data. Moreover, we demonstrated an example application of TransIntegrator, via generating iTrancriptome, in aiding accurate transcriptome assembly, which significantly outperformed other hybrid methods such as IDP-denovo and Trinity. For user convenience, we have deposited the source codes of TransIntegrator on GitHub as well as a conda package in Anaconda. In summary, this study proposes an affordable but efficient method for reliable transcriptomic research in most species. 

TransIntegrator: capture nearly full protein-coding transcript variants via integrating Illumina and PacBio transcriptomes.

Members of the genus Bougainvillea are rich sources of natural dyes, pigments, and traditional medicines. They are also commonly used as ornamentals in roadside landscape construction. However, the horticultural development of Bougainvillea flowers with extended growth periods and coloration is not always feasible. One reason is limited molecular knowledge and no genomic information for Bougainvillea. Here, we compiled an integrative transcriptome of all expressed transcripts for Bougainvillea × buttiana Miss Manila by integrating 20 Illumina-sequencing RNA transcriptomes. The integrative transcriptome consisted of 97,623 distinct transcripts. Of these, 47,006 were protein-coding, 31,109 were non-coding, and 19,508 were unannotated. In addition, we affirmed that the integrative transcriptome could serve as a surrogate reference to the genome in aiding accurate transcriptome assembly. For convenience, we curated the integrative transcriptome database for Bougainvillea, namely InTransBo, which can be freely accessed at http://www.bio-add.org/InTransBo/index.jsp . To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the most comprehensive genomic resource for Bougainvillea up-to-date. The integrative transcriptome helps fill the genomic gap and elucidate the transcriptional nature of Bougainvillea. It may also advance progress in the precise regulation of flowering in horticulture. The same strategy can be readily applied toward the systematic exploration of other plant species lacking complete genomic information. 

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Construction of integrative transcriptome to boost systematic exploration of Bougainvillea

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Construction of integrative transcriptome to boost systematic exploration of Bougainvillea