/pdf/the-effect-of-military-spending-on-economic-growth-in-mena-uzkj9oyd.pdf

The effect of military spending on economic growth in MENA: evidence from method of moments quantile regression

The impacts of climate change are projected to become more intense and frequent. One of the indirect impacts of climate change is food insecurity. Agriculture in Pakistan, measured fourth best in the world, is already experiencing visible adverse impacts of climate change. Among many other food sources, potato crop remains one of the food security crops for developing nations. Potatoes are widely cultivated in Pakistan. To assess the impact of climate change on potato crop in Pakistan, it is imperative to analyze its distribution under future climate change scenarios using Species Distribution Models (SDMs). Maximum Entropy Model is used in this study to predict the spatial distribution of Potato in 2070 using two CMIP5 models for two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). 19 Bioclimatic variables are incorporated along with other contributing variables like soil type, elevation and irrigation. The results indicate slight decrease in the suitable area for potato growth in RCP 4.5 and drastic decrease in suitable area in RCP 8.5 for both models. The performance evaluation of the model is based on AUC. AUC value of 0.85 suggests the fitness of the model and thus, it is applicable to predict the suitable climate for potato production in Pakistan. Sustainable potato cultivation is needed to increase productivity in developing countries while promoting better resource management and optimization.

Climate Change and Potential distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) Crop Cultivation in Pakistan Using Maxent

Defence Expenditure and Economic Growth in the European Union: A Causal Analysis

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure (at aggregate as well as disaggregate level) and economic growth for Pakistan. The study further aims to find causal relationship for existence of applicability of Wagner’s or Keynesian hypothesis. Engle and Granger (1987) two step procedure and Granger causality test (1969) are employed for time series data for the period 1976 to 2015. Results suggest that only expenditure on social, economic and education services have proposed long-run association with economic growth in five of basic versions of Wagner’s law for Pakistan. The causality tests are showing mix results regarding existence of applicability of Wagner’s or Keynesian hypothesis. Expenditure on current subsidies, expenditure on defence, current expenditure and developmental expenditure are in favor of Wagner’s law in most of the cases, where causality runs from economic growth to government expenditure. Results of expenditure on social, economic and education services are in line with existence of Keynesian hypothesis, where causality flows from government expenditure to economic growth. On the basis of results, one may conclude that government should invest for expenditure on social, economic and education services to achieve sustainable economic growth by spending more on human resource development.

Testing Wagner versus Keynesian Hypothesis for Pakistan: The Role of Aggregate and Disaggregate Expenditure

Population growth and more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic, have increased the number of severely food insecure people in sub-Saharan Africa. Food security is one of the most prominent tasks facing the global environment especially in Asia and Africa. With the increase in the population, drought, floods, disease outbreaks, poor farm network systems, water poverty, weak political and economic institutions, selfish leadership and economic challenges in Africa, the food security crisis appears to be an important issue that will require strategic and urgent attention. There is no doubt that traditional ways of farming are not sustainable in Africa because the land available for agriculture reduces as the population increases over time. Investment in new technologies is one of the strategies to improve farm yields and livestock outputs, and reduces the risk and negative effects of weather. The role of agripreneurship, in this context, towards ensuring food security cannot be underestimated. This study is quantitative research which analyses the historical and current time series data in order to predict the future event using inferential statistics. This study investigates the relationship between food security (FST), agricultural research and technology innovation (RTI) and economic growth (GDP) in Nigeria between 1980 and 2018. The study utilizes cointegration and causality tests to determine the long run relationship among the variables and their causal directions so as to know which variable caused the others. Understanding this relationship among the variables and causal direction are vital to making appropriate suggestions for policy makers. The results of the Johansen cointegration test reveals an existence of a long run relationship between the three series (FST, RTI, GDP). The results of vector error correction model indicate a short run causality from GDP to FST and RTI, respectively. Furthermore, the results of long run causality show two-way causality between FST and RTI, one-way causality from GDP to FST and RTI without feedback. This implies that when the economic activities improve in Nigeria in the short run, this engenders agricultural technology innovation deployment in the country which facilitates food security in the long run, while food security also facilitates agricultural technology innovation. The two-way causality between RTI and FST established in this study implies that increase in agricultural research investment would improve food security and vice versa. Thus, government and other private players such as agripreneurs in agricultural sector should intensify their spending in agricultural research on the one hand, and government should also provide appropriate incentives to motivate private stakeholders for agricultural R&D investment on the other hand. Key words: Research and technology innovation, agripreneurship, food security, economic growth, Nigeria

Research and technology innovation, food security and economic growth in Nigeria: Implications for agripreneurs and policymakers

Among the various major issues, food insecurity is one with which Pakistan has to encounter with. According to a report by WFP (2017), about sixty percent of the population in Pakistan is food insecure, access to food is limited or uneven, and malnutrition is widespread. Having an emerging geopolitical prestige, it is expected that through CPEC, Pakistan can get a better foundation of infrastructural -and agricultural economic zones in collaboration with Chinese counterparts which may further support to perk up the food security. Accordingly, the study tries to examine the impact of various CPEC initiatives on food security of Pakistan. The data is randomly collected from stakeholders working in various government sector organizations of Pakistan. The results show that CPEC initiatives would tend to improve the food security status in Pakistan. The research may suggest that developing countries like Pakistan may use economic corridors such as CPEC as a strategic tool to improve the food security situation.

/pdf/cpec-and-food-security-empirical-evidence-from-pakistan-kamyig584k.pdf

CPEC and Food Security: Empirical Evidence From Pakistan

This study examines the relationship of economic growth with civilian and military portions of government expenditure for two neighboring countries and nuclear powers; India and Pakistan. Considering the rough bilateral relationship between the two countries, the paper also seeks to determine the existence of arms race between them. For this purpose, Johansen cointegration and Granger causality tests are applied while taking account of the limitations of time series data.  Our cointegration results indicate a positive impact of military spending on economic growth for India and a negative impact for Pakistan. In case of government civilian expenditure and economic growth, the relationship is statistically insignificant for Pakistan while it is negative and significant for India. The Granger causality results show lack of any causal relationship of economic growth with government and military spending for Pakistan. In case of India, economic growth is Granger caused by government as well as military expenditure. Bidirectional causality is found between defense spending of India and defense spending of Pakistan. Keywords: Government expenditure, Military expenditure, Economic Growth, Arms race, Cointegration, Granger causality

/pdf/arms-race-economic-growth-and-government-military-and-non-2439lx5kzg.pdf

Arms Race, Economic Growth, and Government (Military and Non Military) Expenditure: Empirical Investigation for India and Pakistan

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CPEC and Food Security: Empirical Evidence From Pakistan

Arms Race, Economic Growth, and Government (Military and Non Military) Expenditure: Empirical Investigation for India and Pakistan