Sensing Food Contaminants: Advances in Analytical Methods and Techniques.

Detection of cyanide ion by chemosensing and fluorosensing technology

Since the cyanide ion is used in a wide range of industries and is harmful to both human health and the environment, a number of research efforts are dedicated to creating fluorescence sensors for the detection of cyanide (CN−). Herein, for the fluorescence detection of CN−, a new highly selective and sensitive sensor 2-(3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione (BID) was created by conjugating a benzothiazole moiety with 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione. The donor and acceptor components of this hybrid receptor were covalently connected through a double bond. The nucleophilic addition of a cyanide anion to the BID inhibits the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition, resulting in spectral and colour alterations in the receptor. When the solvent polarity was increased from n-hexane to methanol, this molecule exhibited a bathochromic shift in the emission wavelength (610 to 632 nm), suggesting the presence of a solvatochromic action. The sensor BID has shown strong specificity towards CN− by interrupting its internal charge transfer (ICT), resulting in a significant change in the UV-vis spectrum and a notable blue shift in the fluorescence emission spectrum. The cyanide anion (CN−) is responsible for the optical alterations observed by BID, as opposed to the other anions examined. The detection limit was 5.97 nM, significantly less than the WHO's permitted amount of CN− in drinking water. The experimental findings indicate that BID's fluorescence response to CN− is pH insensitive throughout a wide pH range of 6.0 to 12.0. The interaction mechanism between the BID and CN− ions has been studied by HRMS, 1H-NMR titration experiments, FT-IR, and DFT, which confirmed the nucleophilic addition of CN− on vinylidene and subsequent disturbance of ICT. Additionally, we demonstrated the real-time detection application of CN− in environmental water samples and live-cell imaging.

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A benzothiazole-based new fluorogenic chemosensor for the detection of CN− and its real-time application in environmental water samples and living cells

A new mechanism for selective recognition of cyanide in organic and aqueous solution

On account of the supreme toxicity of CN− ions in the physiological systems, it is essential to develop a sensitive chemosensor to detect cyanide ions. Herein, we designed a new 5-(3-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (BMA) sensor, which exhibits tremendous colorimetric as well as fluorometric behaviour towards CN− ions. This could be due to the nucleophilic attack of CN− ions on the dione-vinyl site, which induces intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) capabilities. The cyanide recognition mechanism of BMA was verified by optical experiments such as UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR, and mass analysis. Moreover, the structural characterization was done by 1H NMR titration and HRMS analysis, and the molecular orbital interactions were studied by TDDFT calculations. The sensor BMA exhibited a rapid response towards CN− ions (10 sec) with low detection limit (7.87 nM), great pH stability in the physiologically applicable pH range (6–12) and had good sensitivity and selectivity towards CN− ions. Encouraged by these detection properties, we successfully used sensor BMA to determine CN− ions in real water and food samples. To validate the colorimetric behavior of the sensor BMA, test paper strip experiments were carried out in the laboratory. We also extensively studied the effect of the sensor in Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacterial cells. 

Imidazole-derived new colorimetric/fluorometric chemosensor for the sensitive recognition of CN− ions: Real-time application in food samples and fluorescence bio-imaging

A new strategy for sensing cyanide ions by cyanide-induced nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in nitro-controlled electron-deficient fluorophores

Establishing a high-selectivity and rapid detection technology for trace index components in complex samples is of great significance for real-time and on-site drug quality evaluation. In this study, a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor with highly selective recognition and detection of trace hyperoside was prepared using chitosan functionalized Nitrogen-doped graphene composite coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/N-GR@CS) as electrode substrate modification material, and the deposition of AuNPs further improved the conductivity of the modified electrode. With the aid of molecular imprinting technology, polymer films with high selectivity and identification of hyperoside were successfully prepared on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) by self-assembly using hyperoside as template molecule and acrylamide as functional monomer. Because the acrylamide can accept protons through the olefinic double bond and firmly polymerize with each other, while it binds with hyperoside through hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the hyperoside can be easily dissociated in the eluate, which offers a condition for formating a molecularly imprinted polymer film to highly select hyperoside. The highly conductive N-GR@CS modified at the bottom of the polymer film provides the possibility to electrocatalyze hyperoside, and facilitate electron transfer to amplify the response signal. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the sensor showed a detection limit was 6.42 × 10−8 mol l−1 (S/N = 3) with a good linear relationship in the range of 2.15 × 10−7 to 2.15 × 10−5 mol l−1. Moreover, it displayed good reproducibility and stability, and could realize the direct and highly selective detection of trace hyperoside in complex samples. In consequence, this study is expected to provide a convenient and reliable method for on-site real-time evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) quality with reference to the index components.

Study and Application of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on AuNPs/N-GR@CS for Highly Selective Recognition of Trace Hyperoside

Development of an anthraquinone-based cyanide colorimetric sensor with activated C–H group: Large absorption red shift and application in food and water samples

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A new strategy for sensing cyanide ions by cyanide-induced nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in nitro-controlled electron-deficient fluorophores

Study and Application of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on AuNPs/N-GR@CS for Highly Selective Recognition of Trace Hyperoside

Development of an anthraquinone-based cyanide colorimetric sensor with activated C–H group: Large absorption red shift and application in food and water samples