Smart campuses and smart universities make use of IT infrastructure that is similar to the one required by smart cities, which take advantage of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing solutions to monitor and actuate on the multiple systems of a university. As a consequence, smart campuses and universities need to provide connectivity to IoT nodes and gateways, and deploy architectures that allow for offering not only a good communications range through the latest wireless and wired technologies, but also reduced energy consumption to maximize IoT node battery life. In addition, such architectures have to consider the use of technologies like blockchain, which are able to deliver accountability, transparency, cyber-security and redundancy to the processes and data managed by a university. This article reviews the state of the start on the application of the latest key technologies for the development of smart campuses and universities. After defining the essential characteristics of a smart campus/university, the latest communications architectures and technologies are detailed and the most relevant smart campus deployments are analyzed. Moreover, the use of blockchain in higher education applications is studied. Therefore, this article provides useful guidelines to the university planners, IoT vendors and developers that will be responsible for creating the next generation of smart campuses and universities.

Towards Next Generation Teaching, Learning, and Context-Aware Applications for Higher Education: A Review on Blockchain, IoT, Fog and Edge Computing Enabled Smart Campuses and Universities

A smart campus is an intelligent infrastructure where smart sensors and actuators collaborate to collect information and interact with the machines, tools, and users of a university campus. As in a smart city, a smart campus represents a challenging scenario for Internet of Things (IoT) networks, especially in terms of cost, coverage, availability, latency, power consumption, and scalability. The technologies employed so far to cope with such a scenario are not yet able to manage simultaneously all the previously mentioned demanding requirements. Nevertheless, recent paradigms such as fog computing, which extends cloud computing to the edge of a network, make possible low-latency and location-aware IoT applications. Moreover, technologies such as Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) have emerged as a promising solution to provide low-cost and low-power consumption connectivity to nodes spread throughout a wide area. Specifically, the Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) standard is one of the most recent developments, receiving attention both from industry and academia. In this article, the use of a LoRaWAN fog computing-based architecture is proposed for providing connectivity to IoT nodes deployed in a campus of the University of A Coruna (UDC), Spain. To validate the proposed system, the smart campus has been recreated realistically through an in-house developed 3D Ray-Launching radio-planning simulator that is able to take into consideration even small details, such as traffic lights, vehicles, people, buildings, urban furniture, or vegetation. The developed tool can provide accurate radio propagation estimations within the smart campus scenario in terms of coverage, capacity, and energy efficiency of the network. The results obtained with the planning simulator can then be compared with empirical measurements to assess the operating conditions and the system accuracy. Specifically, this article presents experiments that show the accurate results obtained by the planning simulator in the largest scenario ever built for it (a campus that covers an area of 26,000 m 2 ), which are corroborated with empirical measurements. Then, how the tool can be used to design the deployment of LoRaWAN infrastructure for three smart campus outdoor applications is explained: a mobility pattern detection system, a smart irrigation solution, and a smart traffic-monitoring deployment. Consequently, the presented results provide guidelines to smart campus designers and developers, and for easing LoRaWAN network deployment and research in other smart campuses and large environments such as smart cities.

Design and Experimental Validation of a LoRaWAN Fog Computing Based Architecture for IoT Enabled Smart Campus Applications

Public transportation is an effective method of mobility that promotes cost-saving and is environmentally friendly. Poor public transport ridership in Malaysia is due to the unsatisfactory attitude of public transport users and inaccurate information on departure and arrivals. Sarawak, a state of Malaysia, is especially poor in ridership of public transport. A real-time Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking application (app) was found to be an effective tool to increase the ridership of public transport. Hence, a mobile app named UniBus was developed to enhance the ridership of public transport in Sarawak. The determinants that affect satisfaction and customer loyalty such as accessibility, reliability, comfort, safety, and security were all examined before and after the use of real-time GPS tracking app. The data was collected in Kuching, and targeted public transport users who used the UniBus app. The result indicated that all the mentioned variables were improved after using a real-time GPS tracking app. It is suggested that future studies can consider other factors such as service quality, availability, and perceived value as well as cover other states of Malaysia.

Sustainability of public transportation: An examination of user behavior to real-time gps tracking application

The most salient problems of transit vehicle service in Latin American intermediate cities include: the high number of passengers involved in traffic accidents; traffic congestion caused by transit vehicles, and pollution generated by these vehicles, which increases in high congestion scenarios. To improve upon this situation, a research was conducted on the transit vehicle tracking service, which is a basic service for implementing mobility solutions for the aforementioned problems, the most relevant characteristics of this service for the context of Latin American intermediate cities were identified, and an implementation was proposed. This paper presents the four stages of the study: (a) a review of the state-of-the-art of services or systems related to vehicle tracking, including wireless communications technologies, implemented sustainability approaches, usage of special algorithms for efficiency improvement, and the intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture used as a basis; (b) the process of identifying relevant characteristics of the service for a given context; (c) proposal of an ITS architecture for this service in an intermediate city, its requirements and the suggested technologies; and (d) development of experiments for validating usage of the key suggested technologies. The review allowed to identify the main service characteristics, with regard to vehicle positioning technologies, the recommended wireless communication technology (long range, LoRa), energy consumption considerations, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate waiting time of users at bus stops. Finally, an ITS architecture for the city of Popayan (Colombian city) considering the aforementioned characteristics is proposed, and the experiments related to the use of these technologies are described in detail.

Sustainable transit vehicle tracking service, using intelligent transportation system services and emerging communication technologies: A review

Small and medium-sized startups play a crucial role in a country's sustainable development. SMEs are at an early development stage, which means weaker institutional norms and successful paradigms, tending to suffer from exceptionally high failure rates because of many constraints, including a lack of resources and credit to access the core information. The higher the environmental uncertainty, the more likely that new start-ups rely on all kinds of social links for acquiring resources. As a critical ability to withstand and overcome obstacles, entrepreneurial resilience is an essential personal characteristic to ensure the sustainability of new ventures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the internal mechanism through which SME entrepreneurs' social capital affects entrepreneurial resilience. To reveal the internal mechanism, we propose a moderated and mediation model. Using survey data from SEM entrepreneurs in China, hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping model are adapted to test and verify mediation and moderation effects. The results show that social capital indeed positively influences entrepreneurial resilience directly and partly through the mediating effect of harmonious entrepreneurial passion and obsessive entrepreneurial passion. Moreover, findings suggest golden-mean thinking negatively moderates the relationship between obsessive entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial resilience yet positively moderates the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial resilience. Based on these findings, we conclude that entrepreneurial resilience may be achieved more effectively through the complex internal process of social capital, entrepreneurial passion, and golden-mean thinking. Finally, the study proposes the theoretical and practical implications and suggestions for follow-up research.

The effects of social capital on entrepreneurial resilience of SME from China: A moderated mediation model of entrepreneurial passion and Confucian traditional golden-mean thinking

Many institutions of higher learning provide shuttle bus service to students and staff to and from between public pick up point and campus for their convenience. However, such service is not receiving positive feedback as users have to wait without any clue when the bus is going to arrive. Furthermore, the time schedule posted on the University website is often inconsistent. Hence, providing the accurate bus arrival time is important as it can reduce waiting time at bus stops as well as to decide on the travel plan. The proposed shuttle bus tracker app aims to minimize waiting time by incorporating features that allows commuters to know the location of the bus in real-time, to make query about the arrival time of the bus as well as to provide real-time traffic update about the shuttle bus routes. The app calculates the bus arrival time by getting the location of the bus chosen and the bus stop then passing their coordinates to Google's distance matrix Application Programming Interface (API) web service which returns the time to travel from the selected shuttle bus location to the chosen bus stop. The Google Maps Distance Matrix (API) is a service that provides travel distance and time for a matrix of origins and destinations, based on the recommended route between start and end points. In order to achieve the main aim of this study, a pilot test was conducted and test results suggest that the proposed app has achieved its objectives.

A pilot study: Shuttle bus tracker app for campus users

Technology greatly supports people’s daily lives such as education, business, medical, and many other aspects. It can be noted that the higher education institutions’ students rely on technological support and university assistance for their studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technological enablement is the primary determinant for entrepreneurial initiation that received attention from scholars. The focus areas include how governmental support, entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial education and technological enablement (mediator factor) can influence the entrepreneurial initiation. Empirical studies showed the direct and indirect impacts of the contributing factors in a particular area. However, is it the same effect of the factors for different countries? This study conducted a self-administered questionnaire to collect topic-related information from higher education institutions in Malaysia and the Philippines. A formative-reflective model, PLS-MGA, was used to analyse the direct and indirect impacts alongside the mediating factor, technological enablement. The results showed that entrepreneurial competencies, Entrepreneurial Education System, Entrepreneurial Education Mechanism, and Entrepreneurial Intention positively and significantly impact entrepreneurial success in both regions. However, the result also demonstrated that the impact of technological enablement on entrepreneurial success is more significant in Malaysia than in the Philippines. With such findings, policymakers and institutions in both countries can understand the insight and importance of technological enablement in stimulating entrepreneurship and its perceived success. Hence, they can implement supportive strategies and necessary policies to ensure technology adoption, success in shaping students’ entrepreneurial mindset and achieving the perceived outcome.

An Investigation on the Impact of Technological Enablement on the Success of Entrepreneurial Adoption Among Higher Education Students: A Comparative Study

Nowadays tourists have high expectations on the service quality provided by travel agencies. In order to increase service quality, there is a growth of using mobile apps by travel agencies which enables tourists to navigate places of interest, traveling information and plan trips ahead time. Although travel agencies are willing to invest in mobile apps for customer experience enhancement, the potential of mobile tracking apps for manager is largely unexplored. In the provision of transportation services, travel agencies must obtain real-time, relevant trip status from the transportation service providers and relay the information to the tourist. This paper aims to review relevant literature in mobile vehicle tracking applications by searching online vendor markets (online store for Apple and Google Android) and journal database. Findings of literature review show there is a lack of mobile vehicle tracking apps which enables managers in travel agencies to obtain location-based information. In order to gather desired features of mobile vehicles tracking apps for travel agencies and issues faced by them, interviews were conducted with director and project manager of a reputable travel agency namely NCR Travel and Tours located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Interview findings show the issues identified are poor communication and time coordination between the manager, driver and tour guide due to lack of real time location-based information of the driver. Based on literature review and requirements provided by NCR, this study proposes key features of mobile vehicles tracking apps for travel agencies. The proposed mobile apps possess trip scheduling feature and it enables the manager to track location of the driver in real time based on pre-determined route. Google Maps Direction API is used to determine the best route and Firebase Realtime Database is used to communicate the trip status between manager and driver. A prototype is proposed, and user acceptance test are conducted in future work.

Features of Mobile Tracking Apps: A Review of Literature and Analysis of Current Apps Compared Against Travel Agency Requirements

A Comparative Study of Navigation API ETA Accuracy for Shuttle Bus Tracking

The Effectiveness of Smart Tourism in Malaysia in Covid-19 Post-pandemic Era: A Case Study

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