This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. CAS# 7439-92-1

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/37676/cdc_37676_DS1.pdf

Toxicological Profile for Lead

Bisphenol A--sources, toxicity and biotransformation.

http://www.pebblescience.org/Pebble-Mine/acid-drainage-pdfs/MetalsRiskAssessmentEPA07.pdf

Framework for metals risk assessment.

Correction for ‘Towards the use of metal–organic frameworks for water reuse: a review of the recent advances in the field of organic pollutants removal and degradation and the next steps in the field’ by Elton M. Dias et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 22484–22506.

/pdf/towards-the-use-of-metal-organic-frameworks-for-water-reuse-3fv15edw42.pdf

Towards the use of metal–organic frameworks for water reuse: a review of the recent advances in the field of organic pollutants removal and degradation and the next steps in the field

The prevalence of metal allergy is high in the general population, and it is estimated that up to 17% of women and 3% of men are allergic to nickel and that 1−3% are allergic to cobalt and chromium. Among dermatitis patients, the prevalence of metal allergy is even higher. Metal allergy is mainly an environmental disorder although null mutations in the filaggrin gene complex were recently found to be associated with nickel allergy and dermatitis. Environmental metal exposures include jewelry, buttons, clothing fasteners, dental restorations, mobile phones, and leather. Although consumer exposure is responsible for most cases of metal allergy, the importance of occupational metal exposure remains present and should always be taken into consideration when one interprets allergic patch test reactions to metals. Traditionally, nickel, cobalt, and chromium have been the most important contact allergens. However, recently, gold and palladium have drawn much attention as the prevalence of contact allergy to thes...

Metal Allergy-A Review on Exposures, Penetration, Genetics, Prevalence, and Clinical Implications

The objective of this study was to determine percutaneous absorption of lead compounds, including lead sulfate, lead oxide, lead powder, and lead stearate. The lead content on the skin surface of 10 lead-battery workers was measured by the method of skin stripping, and urinary lead content of rats was measured with epicutaneous application of four lead compounds: lead sulfate, lead oxide, lead powder, and lead stearate. There were significant amounts of lead on the 9th and 10th skin strippings of the dorsal hand and the back of lead workers. The amount of lead on the dorsal hand was significantly correlated with the amount in the blood (n = 10, r2 = 0.66, p < 0.05, linear regression). In rats, after lead compounds were applied for 12 days, total lead amount in urine significantly increased to 146.0 ± 6.4 ng (SD) for lead stearate, 123.1 ± 7.2 ng for lead sulfate, 115.9 ± 5.3 ng for lead oxide, 47.8 ± 6.9 ng for lead powder, and 10.3 ng for the control, which indicated significant skin absorption. It was c...

Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds.

Occupational skin disease is one of the most common occupational diseases. The hand is the most frequent site of involvement in occupational skin disease. We interviewed and examined patients seen in the Contact Dermatitis Clinic of the National Taiwan University Medical Center, a tertiary referral center in Taipei City. For patients suspected of having allergic skin diseases, patch testing was carried out using the, European standard series and suspected allergens. Occupational hand dermatitis (OHD) WHS diagnosed according to medical history, work exposure, physical examination, and patch lest findings. 36% of patients seen were diagnosed as having OHD. Electronics, hairdressing. medical, chemical, and construction were the most important industries causing OHD. In the 16–1 patients with OHD. 58.5%. had irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and 41.5% allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Dorsal fingers, nail folds, and dorsal hands were most frequently involved in patients with ACD: dorsal fingers, volar fingers and fingertips were most frequently involved in those with ICQ Using logistic regression analysis, we were able to identify the most important clinical presentations that predicted the types of OHD. ACD versus ICD. Patients with atopic history and palm involvement were more likely to have ICD, and those with nail fold involvement more likely to have ACD. In patients with ACD, the most important allergens were dichromate. nickel, cobalt, fragrance mix, epoxy resin, thiuram mix, and p-phenylenediamine. In this study, we identified the important industries and causal agents for OHD. Future preventive measures focused on these industries and agents lo reduce OHD will be warranted.

Occupational hand dermatitis in a tertiary referral dermatology clinic in Taipei.

Background: Correlation of several patient factors with contact sensitization to nickel, cobalt, chromate, and other metal allergens has not been reviewed in the Taiwanese population.



Objectives:  A retrospective analysis was performed to define the characteristics of patients with positive patch tests to metals in a tertiary referral medical centre between 1978 and 2003.



Patients and Methods:  Patch test data of 3559 patients at a medical centre in Taiwan from 1978 to 2003 were retrospectively analysed. Contact sensitization to metals was defined as a positive reaction to at least one of the metal substances in the patch test series. Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.



Results:  Female patients were more likely to have contact sensitization to metal allergens except chromate or mercurochrome. Patients who reacted to chromate were more likely to be male, with an occupational correlation, older age, and a site of predilection towards the extremities. Within the first and sixth decades of age, thimerosal and chromate were the leading causes of metal contact sensitization, respectively. Nickel was the major metal sensitizer among the other age groups.



Conclusions:  Several patient factors were characterized related to metal sensitization in the Taiwanese population. The sources of exposure were further discussed.

Contact sensitization to metals in Taiwan.

Chinese topical medicaments (CTMs) are commonly used in Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. However, a systematic evaluation of contact sensitization potential from CTM has not been carried out to our knowledge. This study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of contact sensitivity to the components of CTM in patients with contact dermatitis from CTM. A screening series of 27 crude drugs most commonly used in CTM as well as a modified European standard series was patch tested in 30 patients. The herbs with the most frequent positive reactions were Flos Caryophylli (see text), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (see text), Cortex Cinnamomi (see text), Cortex Radix Acanthopanacis (see text), Caulis Impatientis (see text), Resina Draconis/Sanguis Draconis (see text), Fructus Cnidii (see text), Radix Gentiana Macrophyllae (see text), and Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong (see text). Concomitant allergy to colophonium was found in most of these positive reactions. Reducing the concentration and simplifying the compositions of these components, as well as replacement with those of low allergenicity in CTM, such as Rhizoma Arisaematis (see text), Herba Lycopodii (see text), Radix Cyathulae Officinalis (see text), Rhizoma Pinelliae (see text), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (see text), Herba Dendrobii (see text), Secretio Moschus (see text), and Stigmata Croci (see text), may be advocated. A precise labelling of the dosage of each component and the exact chemical compounds in CTM products could further improve the safety and therapeutic effects of CTM in the future.

A patch test study of 27 crude drugs commonly used in Chinese topical medicaments.

Frequency and determinants of occupational contact dermatitis in 2793 consecutively‐investigated patients

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