Purpose:
The light generated in organic scintillators depends on both the radiation 
dose and the linear energy transfer (LET). The LET dependence leads to an under-response of the detector in the Bragg peak of proton 
beams. This phenomenon, called ionization quenching, must be corrected to obtain accurate dose measurements of proton 
beams. This work exploits the ionization quenching phenomenon to provide a method of measuring LET and auto correcting quenching.
Methods:
We exposed simultaneously four different organic scintillators (BCF-12, PMMA, PVT, and LSD; 1mm in diameter) and a plane parallel ionization chamber in passively scattered proton 
beams to doses between 32 and 43 cGy and fluence averaged LET values from 0.47 to 1.26 keV/µm. The LET values for each irradiation condition were determined using a validated Monte Carlo model of the beam line. We determined the quenching parameter in the Birk’s equation for scintillation in BCF-12 for dose measurements. One set of irradiation conditions was used to correlate the scintillation response ratio to the LET values and plot a scintillation response ratio versus LET calibration curve. Irradiation conditions independent from the calibration ones were used to validate this method. Comparisons to the expected values were made on both the basis of dose and LET.
Results:
Among all the scintillators investigated, the ratio of PMMA to BCF-12 provided the best correlation to LET values and was used as the LET calibration curve. The expected LET values in the validation set were within 2%±6%, which resulted in dose accuracy of 1.5%±5.8% for the range of LET values investigated in this work.
Conclusion:
We have demonstrated the feasibility of using the ratio between the light output of two organic scintillators to simultaneously measure LET and dose of therapeutic proton 
beams. Further studies are needed to verify the response in higher LET values.

A real-time method to simultaneously measure linear energy transfer and dose for proton therapy using organic scintillators.

Purpose: Due to increasing demand for high-spatial resolution dosimetry, radiochromic films have been investigated as potential candidates but are often limited by the scanning system, e.g., flatbed optical scanner. In this study, Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with a microscope was selected as an alternative method for high-spatial resolution dosimetry of radiochromic film. Methods: Unlaminated Gafchromic™ EBT3 films were irradiated with doses between 0 and 50 Gy using 6 MV x-rays of a clinical linear accelerator. Depth profiling from the surface of unlaminated film was performed to acquire the maximum Raman intensity peaks of C≡C and C=C stretching bands of diacetylene polymer. The Raman mapping technique for a region of interest (200 × 200, 30 × 30 μm2) was developed to reduce a large variation in a Raman spectrum produced with a sampling resolution of a few μm. The preprocessing of Raman spectra was carried out to determine a dosimetric relationship with the amount of diacetylene polymerization. Results: Due to partial diacetylene polymerization upon irradiation, two Raman peaks of C=C and C≡C stretching bands were observed around 1447 and 2060 cm−1, respectively. The maximum intensities of the two peaks were obtained by positioning a focused laser spot on the surface of unlaminated film. For the dose range of 0–50 Gy, the band heights of both C≡C and C=C peaks increase asymptotically with increasing doses and can be fit with an exponential function of two components. The relative standard deviation in Raman mapping was found to be less than ±5%. By using this technique, dose uniformity was found to be within ±2%. Conclusions: The Raman intensity for C=C and C≡C peaks increases with an increase in the amount of diacetylene polymerization due to an increase in dose. This study shows the potential of Raman spectroscopy as an alternative for absolute dosimetry verifications with a high-spatial resolution of a few μm, but these findings need to be further validated for the purpose of microdosimetry.

Use of radiochromic film as a high-spatial resolution dosimeter by Raman spectroscopy

Effects of nanostructuring on luminescence properties of SrS:Ce,Sm phosphor: An experimental and phenomenological study

The possibility to monitor pulsed dose-rate facilities by means of real-time fibered dosimetry is investigated. A system based on the luminescence of the SrS:Ce,Sm is used to monitor pulses from a medical accelerator with four different dose-rates. The RL signal is characterized using a dedicated acquisition system. The RL recorded is linear with dose-rate and dose. The stem effect due to both Cerenkov emission and photoluminescence in the fiber was also investigated with 18 MV photons and 12 MeV electrons.

Feasibility of Fibered Monitoring System for Pulsed Dose-Rate Facilities Based on Radioluminescence of SrS:Ce,Sm Phosphor

Performance studies of an optical fiber OSL/RL dosimetry system in pulsed high-intensity radiation beams

Real-time fibered optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter based on SrS:Ce,Sm phosphor

Bias effects on total dose-induced degradation of bipolar linear microcircuits for switched dose-rate irradiation

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Real-time fibered optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter based on SrS:Ce,Sm phosphor

Bias effects on total dose-induced degradation of bipolar linear microcircuits for switched dose-rate irradiation